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Establishing Biogas-Powered Cold
Storage in Rural India for Methane
Mitigation and Sustainable Food Systems
Updated January 2024
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Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Current Uses of Biogas in India ................................................................................ 5
1.2 Potential Use of Biogas for Absorption Cold Storage in India ..................................... 5
1.3 Biogas-Powered Cold Storage Technologies ............................................................ 6
2. Pilot Project Research in Maharashtra ............................................................................. 8
2.1 Information Collection .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.1 Business Model Assumptions ........................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Anaerobic Digester Feedstock Availability ......................................................... 9
2.1.3 Commodity Production and Harvest .................................................................10
2.1.4 Commodity Prices ...........................................................................................11
3. Financial Pre-Feasibility Analysis ....................................................................................12
3.1 Anaerobic Digestion System Assumptions and Results ............................................12
3.1.1 Assumptions ...................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis ..........................................................................................14
3.2 Cold Storage System Assumptions and Results .......................................................14
3.2.1 Assumptions ...................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis ..........................................................................................17
3.3 Emissions Reductions Analysis ...............................................................................18
4. Next Steps ....................................................................................................................19
Appendix A: Relevant Programs in India ................................................................................20
4.1.1 Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources – DHAN............................................20
4.1.2 Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Programs ..................................20
4.1.3 Indian National Centre for Cold Chain Development .........................................21
Appendix B: Economic Assumptions .....................................................................................23
References...........................................................................................................................24
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Executive Summary
Mitigating post-harvest food loss can result in economic benefits for farmers, increase food
security, and reduce methane emissions from organic waste. Each year, an estimated 30
percent of fruits and vegetables produced in India are lost or wasted despite the country
ranking 94th out of 100 on the 2020 Global Hunger Index (HLPE, 2014; Agarwal et al., 2021).
Almost half of post-harvest food losses in India are attributed to the lack of a reliable cold chain,
the integrated network of refrigerated storage facilities, transportation, and merchandising
technologies that maintain food quality moving from harvest to the consumer (Peters et al.,
2019). Cold-chain technologies are energy intensive and typically powered by fossil fuels. In
recent years, there has been a focus on clean energy powered cold-chain solutions, including
renewable energy powered cold storage facilities that store commodities after harvest.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a financial pre-feasibility
assessment for direct biogas-powered cold storage facilities in Maharashtra, India. EPA used
the Global Methane Initiative’s (GMI) Organics Economics (OrganEcs) and Anaerobic Digestion
Screening Tool (AD-ST) to assess an anaerobic digestion system processing livestock manure
into biogas, which is then used by an absorption cooling technology to generate off-grid cold
storage without electricity. Data collected from farmers in Maharashtra included the potential
crops available for cold storage and commodity prices. Project developers and technical
experts provided data on the facility capital and operating costs, as well as sale prices for
biogas, digestate, and cold storage fees.
The internal rate of returns determined from the pre-feasibility assessment suggest that a
biogas-powered cold storage facility pilot in Maharashtra is a potentially profitable refrigeration
solution for the rural village with limited grid connection. The analysis identified a range of prices
for biogas, digestate, and cold storage fees to make the system financially viable. Additionally,
farmers can sell more of their harvest at potentially higher prices with available storage. As for
climate benefits, the pilot project could provide an estimated 79 percent reduction of total
annual GHG emissions in megatons carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) and an 83 percent
reduction in annual methane emissions.
To develop the pilot project demonstrating project viability, stakeholders can leverage ongoing
initiatives and funding from the Government of India and corporate social responsibility (CSR)
funds to increase biogas production and reduce methane. The Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean
India Mission) provides funding to productively use agricultural waste and crop residues to
generate biogas in rural areas. The Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources (GOBAR)-DHAN
scheme provides funding to create clean villages in India by using livestock manure and solid
agricultural waste to produce biogas or bio-CNG. With a successful demonstration project, off-
grid biogas-powered cold storage facilities could be scaled across India and internationally. The
pre-feasibility assessment process utilizes GMI’s existing tools and can be easily replicated by
stakeholders seeking renewable energy powered cold storage in remote locations in India and
abroad.
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1. Introduction
This study examines the potential for biogas-powered cooling systems in India by conducting a
financial pre-feasibility analysis for a pilot project in the state of Maharashtra. More than two-
thirds of the workforce in the country relies on agriculture as their livelihood (FAO, 2023). Food
loss, also known as post-harvest loss, is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations as a “decrease in quantity or quality of food resulting from
decisions and actions by food suppliers in the segment of the chain excluding retail, food
service providers, and consumers (2021).” Post-harvest food loss results in economic losses for
farmers, reduced food security, and methane emissions as organic material breaks down. In
India, post-harvest losses pose the following challenges:
▪ Social: Each year in India, an estimated 30 percent of fruits and vegetables are lost or
wasted despite the country ranking 94th out of 100 on the 2020 Global Hunger Index
(HLPE, 2014; Agarwal et al., 2021).
▪ Economic: A 2015 report from the Ministry of Food Processing Industries estimated annual
post-harvest food loss of over US $15 billion in India alone (Jha et al., 2015). Additionally,
when all farmers harvest and bring commodities to market on the same schedule, the
surplus drives commodity prices down reducing revenue potential of India’s farmers.
▪ Environmental: According to EPA’s Global Non-Carbon Dioxide (CO
2
) Greenhouse Gas
Emission Projections & Mitigation Potential, the agriculture sector is responsible for
approximately 21 percent of the nation’s non-CO
2
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (EPA,
2019). The primary sources of agricultural methane emissions are livestock enteric
fermentation, livestock waste management, rice cultivation, and agricultural waste burning.
Of these, livestock waste management, which represents seven percent of global methane
emissions, offers a viable, near-term opportunity for methane recovery and utilization (GMI,
2013). Additionally, agriculture is an energy and water intensive process, which is wasted
when post-harvest foods are lost.
When livestock manure and organic components in agro-industrial waste decompose, the
process produces and emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas with up to 30 times the heat
trapping potential of carbon dioxide. Capturing this methane provides an opportunity to lower
the amount of methane accumulating in the global atmosphere and harness this renewable
energy source. Anaerobic digestion is a biological process in which bacteria break down
organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion systems utilize airtight chambers
where manure, biosolids, food waste, other organic wastewater streams, or combinations of
these feedstocks decompose to produce biogas—a blend of methane and carbon dioxide—and
digestate, a nutrient-rich output that can be used as fertilizer.
For several decades, biogas systems have been used commercially, including in the agricultural
management sector, to reduce methane emissions, improve manure disposal, control odors,
and produce biogas for energy (GMI, 2013). Biogas generated from readily available
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agricultural wastes such as manure can be used commercially as an alternative to fossil fuels,
such as natural gas.
In the agricultural sector, biogas can power cooling or refrigeration systems that improve
commodity revenue, reduce waste, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Expanding access to
cold storage systems in rural India could mitigate food and economic losses and improve food
security through increased storage of surplus agricultural commodities and increased revenue
for farmers selling produce for higher off-peak prices. Cold storage facilities in India’s rural
communities are limited by funding availability and unreliable electricity. Given the right
equipment and financing mechanisms, biogas sourced from animal waste or agricultural
residues could provide cheap, reliable, off-grid alternatives to conventional electric powered
cold storage facilities in remote locations.
1.1 Current Uses of Biogas in India
At present, biogas generated from agricultural residue, municipal solid waste, and manure is
used in India for cooking, heating, transportation, and electricity generation (GMI, 2020). Use of
biogas for these purposes not only reduces methane emissions from the waste management
systems, but it also can displace the use of other fuels, such as fossil fuels which can provide
additional GHG reductions as well as air quality benefits.
1.2 Potential Use of Biogas for Absorption Cold Storage in India
Biogas generation from agricultural feedstocks can be leveraged to provide cooling using a
method called absorption cooling. Absorption systems are refrigeration units that are powered
by heat instead of mechanical compressors to provide the energy required for cooling. A
biogas-powered cooling facility can use the biogas directly as a source of heat or a heat
transfer fluid such as hot water heated by biogas in a separate biogas-burning system.
Typically, the heat in these systems is supplied as steam, hot water, waste heat, or the
combustion of gas. The cold energy generated by the absorption unit is stored in a thermal
buffer and released when the cooling occurs (e.g., when the system is turned on to chill
produce or milk cans).
These systems use a refrigerant with a low boiling point, such as ammonia. As the refrigerant
evaporates within the system, it extracts heat from its surroundings. The heat is transferred to a
coolant, often water or a brine solution. Heat is used to separate the refrigerant from the coolant
and continue the refrigeration cycle. Unlike the more common compressor-based refrigeration
systems, an absorption system does not use hydrochlorofluorocarbons or hydrofluorocarbons
as refrigerants, significantly reducing the overall GHG impact. The refrigeration system typically
utilizes 22,000 Kcal energy of heat per hour from hot water at 100 to 120°C, to produce a
refrigeration effect of 36,000 btu per hour yielding cold storage temperatures up to -5°C in an
off-grid system.
Because this technology does not require electricity, it can work without access to the grid and
does not require a diesel backup generator, thus significantly improving the opportunities for
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remote farmers. Using biogas as the heat source, rather than diesel, to drive the refrigeration
cycle has many advantages, including improved air quality from reduced diesel emissions and
efficient utilization of farm waste to generate the biogas as fuel for the refrigeration system.
While this study analyzes a cold storage system fully powered by biogas, there are also options
for a hybrid biogas and solar photovoltaic technology combined for installation of off-grid cold
storage systems (Sumon Rashid et al., 2018).
1.3 Biogas-Powered Cold Storage Technologies
Table 1-1 identifies technology providers, primarily in India, offering biogas-powered off-grid
cold storage products. As of Fall 2023, the reviewed technologies appear to have been
implemented as small-scale pilot projects with hopes to expand broadly in India. Research
identified relevant projects in India using New Leaf’s GreenCHILL technology but did not
uncover India-specific feasibility studies or implementation updates for rural biogas-powered
cold storage. The current projects in India using the GreenCHILL technology are using biomass
rather than biogas as the fuel source for the system; however these cold storage systems can
also be adapted to run on biogas.
In addition, solar power appears to be popular in India for containerized cold-storage services in
off-grid locations. These implementations can provide some insights into successful business
models and technical configurations, although the energy source and some technology itself is
different.
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) developed a pilot cold storage system that uses
both solar and biomass. The pilot was developed in collaboration with national and international
stakeholders, at the Solar Energy Center in Gurgaon, India. It consists of a 15-kW Vapor
Absorption Machine (VAM), a 50 kWe Biomass Gasifier system, and a field of solar
concentrating collectors. This system provides a cold storage facility as well as 50 kW of
electricity which is utilized to provide power to the local community (Energetica India, 2012).
Although the examples of off-grid cold storage facilities identified to date in India have generally
used biomass or solar for an energy source, the systems listed in the table below demonstrate
that biogas is also a feasible option for powering absorption-based cold storage systems.
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Table 1-1: Commercialized Biogas-Powered Cooling Technologies
Technology Provider
Technology Overview
Webpage
GreenCHILL
New Leaf is based in New Delhi and has successfully
designed, developed, manufactured, and installed
‘GreenCHILL’, an off-grid, compressor-free, renewables-based
refrigeration system, powered by farm waste such as cow
dung cakes, biomass pellets, wood, or hay. To date, New Leaf
has installed and commissioned 9 units in Gujarat and
Northeast India. In Gujarat, the units are sold to individual
farmers for cold storage and ripening of agricultural produce
and fruits. In the Northeast they are sold through government
channels mainly for fisheries. While the current systems use
biomass as an energy source, they can be adapted to use
biogas.
New Leaf
(newleafdynamic.com)
Greenrich
Chennai-based (Tamil Nadu, India) company. Biogas fired
NH
3
/H
2
O-absorption chiller is being used to provide cooling.
The residual of fermentation can be used as a fertilizer.
Containerized Biogas To
Cold Storage –
Greenrich Enviro
Solutions Pvt Ltd
Kyanko CleanTeach +
BERT Technologies
BERT KANKYO (Indian + German initiative) is a biogas-driven
cold storage system which runs on unused organic waste such
as municipal solid waste, food waste, agricultural waste,
market waste, and biowaste. Their Power of Nature (PON)
technology mixes the feedstocks in a digester to provide
containerized cold storage using bio-CNG-derived energy.
KANKYO-BERT Bio-
CNG Cold Storage
TERI, Solar Energy
Centre, Common-wealth
Scientific & Industrial
Research Organization,
Thermax Ltd.
TERI, in collaboration with the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, the Solar Energy Center, and other partners,
established a pilot decentralized cold storage system using
biomass and solar energy. The system consists of a 15 kW
Vapor Absorption Machine (VAM), a 50 kWe Biomass Gasifier
system, and a field of solar concentrating collectors. The
gasifier produces syngas from woody biomass, which runs the
engine generator to produce electricity. The VAM utilizes the
waste heat generated from the gasifier and the heat energy
from the solar concentrating collector to cool the cold storage
unit. The temperature in the unit can reach as low as 0
degrees Celsius. This system provides a cold storage facility
as well as 50 kW of electricity used for the local community.
Solar-Biomass Hybrid
Cold Storage-cum-Power
Generation System for
Rural Applications
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2. Pilot Project Research in Maharashtra
Karanjkhop and Randullabad, located approximately 3.5 km apart in the Satara district of
Maharashtra state, were identified for study due to Gram Panchayat, the local village
government, and farmer interest in developing biogas plants under the Galvanizing Organic Bio-
Agro Resources (GOBAR-DHAN) scheme from the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. At
present, both villages have small-scale biogas plants at the household level that are used to
generate gas for cooking. Additionally, each village has a small electric-powered cooling facility
used for storing milk. Nearby villages in Maharashtra utilize electric-powered cooling facilities to
store potatoes and onion seed.
Figure 1: Randullabad and Karanjkhop Village Map. According to 2011 census data, Randullabad
had a total population of 1,857 with 395 households and Karanjkhop had a total population of 2,950 with
633 households (Government of India, 2011).
2.1 Information Collection
To understand the viability of a biogas-powered cold storage system, EPA collected information
on each village’s commodity production and feedstock availability, including:
▪ Business model assumptions, including land ownership, operational ownership, potential
funding sources, and the structure of the cooling storage revenue stream.
▪ Commodity information, including crops available for storage, harvest period, and prices.
▪ Feedstock information, or the amount of organic material available for use in the AD system.
Village site visits with Gram Panchayat heads and farmers occurred in late 2021. Farmers
provided the commodity production estimates, harvest period, and market prices. Farmers also
provided livestock herd estimates, including animal types and counts, which were used to
calculate average manure production used as a feedstock in the AD system.
Because of limitations in the availability of feedstocks and commodities in Randullabad, EPA
focused this pre-feasibility analysis on a pilot project only in Karanjkhop, using manure and
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commodities available in the village. Upon the Karanjkhop pilot project’s success, the project
could be expanded to include storage of commodities from Randullabad.
2.1.1 Business Model Assumptions
Under the GOBAR-DHAN scheme, the Gram Panchayat could provide the land for the
anaerobic digestion and cold storage facilities at no cost, reducing the total capital investment.
The Panchayat expressed interest in seeking funds for both systems through current
government schemes and corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding. For example, the
Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF), a non-profit organization in India focused on rural
development, has used CSR funds to support development projects in Maharashtra.
Efficient business models play a major role in successful deployment of off-grid technologies in
developing economies. In addition to loans and government grants for individual procurement
and on-site installation, cooling-as-a-service is a popular business model for cold storage where
the customer pays for cooling on a usage basis rather than purchasing the cooling equipment
directly. Each user is typically given a space and reusable tray or crate for commodity storage.
This model creates incentives that optimize efficiency and maintenance (Ideas to Impact, n.d.).
This approach to cooling is attractive in off-grid settings due to its low capital intensity and
minimal technical capacity requirement for the end user. EPA’s analysis evaluates a pay-as-
you-store business model due to the pilot project’s target audience of small market vendors.
Pay-as-you-store models are particularly attractive for small market vendors who wish to
prolong the shelf life of perishable goods but do not currently have access to electricity or other
secure storage areas (Ideas to Impact, n.d.).
2.1.2 Anaerobic Digester Feedstock Availability
In both villages, livestock manure is mainly used for agriculture and horticulture activity. A small
number of farmers and villagers use livestock manure as dung cakes for cooking or heating
applications. Figure 2 below illustrates the available livestock manure for each village.
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Figure 2: The manure available in Karanjkhop can be purchased from farmers by the digester to
use as a feedstock. In both villages, manure is currently stored in a pile for approximately eight
months before being used for pasture applications. EPA obtained feedstock availability by counting
livestock and estimating manure per livestock type during the site visit in 2021. EPA studied livestock
manure as the only feedstock type for the anaerobic digester. However, there is potential for agricultural
residues and food waste to be used as feedstocks in future projects.
2.1.3 Commodity Production and Harvest
Karanjkhop primarily produces four commodities that could be stored in a cooling facility:
tomatoes, peas, custard apples, and beans. Randullabad primarily produces three commodities
that could be stored in a cooling facility: tomatoes, peas, and custard apples. Figure 3 shows
the monthly harvest for Karanjkhop.
1,060
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Figure 3: Karanjkhop has four commodities harvested throughout the year that could be stored
in the refrigeration unit. Even though farmers do not harvest crops during four months of the
year, commodities can be stored for weeks after harvest. Due to the availability of four
commodities for storage in Karanjkhop, the pilot project focused on storage of a single village’s
crops. EPA obtained monthly and annual production for each commodity from farmers during the site
visit in 2021.
2.1.4 Commodity Prices
On- and off-season pricing, as shown in Figure 4, was determined through mandi (market)
public information and in consultation with farmers and stakeholders. These values were used in
the financial model to determine the range of prices that could be charged by the cold storage
facility operators to make the storage system financially feasible.
Figure 4: The difference in market price per kilogram during and after the harvest period range
between 30 and 55 INR depending on the commodity. Tomatoes and beans can be stored for 2
- 4 weeks post-harvest. Peas and custard apples can be stored between 1 - 2 weeks. EPA
obtained pricing information during 2021 site visits. Lal Basediya et al., 2013 provided storage length
data for each commodity.
150 150
250 250 250
200
200 200
-
200 200
10
10
25
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Karanjkhop's commodity harvest (tons/month) available for cold storage vary
throughout the year, peaking in July and August.
Bean Pea Tomato Apple
₹ 5
Tomato, ₹ 55₹ 55
Bean, ₹ 100
₹ 38
Pea, ₹ 68
₹ 45
Apple , ₹ 100
Harvest price (INR/kg) Post-harvest price (INR/kg)
Market prices increase between 30 & 55 INR/kg when commodities are
stored and sold several weeks after the harvest.
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3. Financial Pre-Feasibility Analysis
The financial pre-feasibility analysis sought to determine if the biogas and cold storage systems
can operate at a break-even or profitable level by using tools developed by GMI to estimate the
internal rate of return (IRR). The IRR estimates the annual effective compounded return rate and
is used to determine the profitability of an investment. A target IRR for infrastructure projects
may range between 9 and 15 percent; however, with the support of the Panchayat, these
community systems are not necessarily required to generate large profits. Stakeholders from
BAIF noted that while the IRR is a useful financial metric, it is not always a major selling point for
community projects. The actual implementation and proof of concept on the ground may be
more important in driving widespread adoption.
EPA conducted separate financial pre-feasibility assessments for 1) the anaerobic digestion
facility to produce biogas and 2) the cold storage facility to enable the adaptive cooling process
through the purchase of the biogas generated by the anaerobic digestion system. In actuality,
the two facilities are likely to be co-located and operate as a single business entity. To scale up
deployment of similar systems EPA determined it could be beneficial to demonstrate potential
profits from small-scale biogas-powered cold storage systems.
The financial analysis of the anerobic digestion system is focused on a pilot project in
Karanjkhop due to the availability of livestock manure and commodities available for storage.
Continued access to adequate feedstock ensures that a biogas-powered cooling system can
function reliably. Though subsidies may be available for small scale biogas-powered cooling
system projects in Randullabad and Karanjkhop, the financial model only considered subsidies
when determining financial feasibility of the cold storage system, not the anaerobic digestion
system. Additional assumptions used in both analyses are listed in Appendix B: Economic
Assumptions.
3.1 Anaerobic Digestion System Assumptions and Results
The Organics Economics (OrganEcs) – Anaerobic Digestion tool
1
was used to generate initial
expense and revenue estimates of the anaerobic digestion system and calculate the expected
IRR based on a facility lifespan of 15 years. OrganEcs requires data on AD system feedstocks,
facility information, and economic inputs to generate results. Based on the estimated biogas
requirements of the cold storage system, the AD system produces least 50 m
3
per day (1,500
m
3
per month) and has a feedstock capacity of 1,525 kg of livestock manure per day.
1
OrganEcs was developed by EPA under the auspices of the Global Methane Initiative and in support of
the Climate and Clean Air Coalition. OrganEcs is a tool for estimating the costs associated with organic
waste management projects, including AD. Model outputs should be viewed as preliminary results that
can be used for planning purposes and estimates should be verified through detailed feasibility studies
prior to project development, or through the solicitation of bids from qualified firms.
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Based on the key assumptions listed below and in Appendix B: Economic Assumptions,
OrganEcs estimated an IRR of 3.3 percent for the AD system. The results can be used by
project proponents to move the pilot project forward to a full, detailed feasibility study. Based on
initial assumptions, which did not include available Government of India subsidies, an AD
system is financially feasible in the village. The full OrganEcs model includes initial estimates of
the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and total operations and maintenance (O&M) expenses for
year one and can be viewed on the GMI resources page alongside the report.
3.1.1 Assumptions
Facility and economic expense assumptions used in the tool are listed in Table 3-1 and identify
the key capital and operating expenses of the biogas system to utilize 1,525 kg of livestock
manure per day to produce 50 m
3
of biogas per day needed for the cold storage facility. The
capital costs and labor requirements were provided by in-country partners based on similarly
sized systems. The feedstock purchase price may vary between 0.4 to 1 INR per kg. For the
final model, a feedstock purchase price of 1 INR/kg was used to reflect the high end of the
range. The sensitivity analysis below considers both 1 INR/kg and 0.7 INR/kg to procure
manure as a feedstock.
Table 3-1: Key Anaerobic Digester System Expense Assumptions
Assumption
Value
Source and additional notes
Anaerobic digestion equipment and
site development costs
2,200,000 INR
Project developers and sector experts
De-watering equipment
300,000 INR
Project developers and sector experts
Feedstock purchase price
1,000 INR/tonne
Project developers and sector experts, converted
from 1 INR/kg
Employees
2 full time at 10,000
INR/month
Project developers and sector experts
Facility revenue assumptions used in the tool are listed in Table 3-2 showing the sales of biogas
to the cold storage facility as well as sales of solid digestate and liquid slurry digestate to
farmers. The biogas and digestate sale prices may vary based on market conditions. The
selected values for the final model reflect the high end of the ranges. The sensitivity analysis
below considers a range of prices for the biogas and solid digestate sales price.
Table 3-2: Key Anaerobic Digester System Revenue Assumptions
Assumption
Value
Source and additional notes
Biogas sale price
25 INR/m
3
Project developers & BAIF
Digestate (solid) sale price
4,000 INR/tonne
BAIF, converted from 4 INR/kg
Liquid effluent sale price
454 INR/tonne
BAIF, converted from 0.5 INR/liter
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3.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis
The first sensitivity analysis considers a range of biogas sales and solid digestate sale prices
using the model’s feedstock procurement cost of 1 INR/kg, the final model assumption. In Table
3-3 below, the yellow box is the IRR from the final model assumptions. The blue box indicates
an approximate breakeven point where biogas can be sold for 20 INR/m
3
and solid digestate for
4.5 INR/kg.
Table 3-3: Sensitivity Analysis of the IRR for the anaerobic digestion system using 1 INR/kg as a
feedstock cost and variable biogas and digestate sale prices.
The analysis below in Table 3-4 considers the same range of biogas and solid digestate sale
prices using a lower feedstock procurement cost of 0.7 INR/kg.
Table 3-4: Sensitivity Analysis of the IRR for the anaerobic digestion system using 0.7 INR/kg as
a feedstock cost and variable biogas and digestate sale prices.
3.2 Cold Storage System Assumptions and Results
A financial analysis based on the OrganEcs’ data fields and calculations was created in
Microsoft Excel to generate initial expense and revenue estimates of the biogas-powered cold
storage system and calculate the expected IRR based on a facility lifespan of 10 years. The
financial inputs such as capital and operating expenses reflect a technology like New Leaf’s
GREENCHILL system. Based on the estimated biogas requirements of the cold storage system
of 50 m
3
per day (1,500 m
3
per month) and a maximum storage capacity of 20,000 kg at a time.
This storage capacity represents the highest storage capacity of the GREENCHILL systems,
which range from 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 kg.
Biogas Purchase Price
(INR/m3)
₹ 3.0 ₹ 3.5 ₹ 4.0 ₹ 4.5 ₹ 5.0
₹ 8.0 -15.0% -14.4% -13.4% -12.4% -11.2%
₹ 10.0 -12.7% -11.7% -10.7% -9.6% -8.3%
₹ 15.0 -7.4% -6.3% -5.2% -4.0% -2.7%
₹ 20.0 -3.1% -2.0% -0.8% 0.6% 2.0%
₹ 25.0 0.7% 1.9% 3.3% 4.8% 6.4%
₹ 28.0 2.9% 4.2% 5.7% 7.3% 9.1%
Digestate Sale Price (INR per kg)
Biogas Purchase Price
(INR/m3)
₹ 3.0 ₹ 3.5 ₹ 4.0 ₹ 4.5 ₹ 5.0
₹ 8.0 -11.7% -10.4% -9.0% -7.5% -5.7%
₹ 10.0 -8.9% -7.6% -6.2% -4.6% -2.8%
₹ 15.0 -3.3% -1.9% -0.4% 1.4% 3.3%
₹ 20.0 1.4% 2.9% 4.6% 6.6% 8.7%
₹ 25.0 5.7% 7.5% 9.4% 11.7% 14.2%
₹ 28.0 8.3% 10.2% 12.4% 14.8% 17.6%
Digestate Sale Price (INR per kg)
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As discussed above, the system assumes a fixed pay-as-you-store charge to farmers per kg
per week. The model assumes the annual production (kg/year) for tomato, bean, and peas are
divided equally among the months of harvest. The model assumes custard apple harvest varies
by month, based on information provided by farmers during the site visit. When commodities
are harvested, a set number of commodities are held and sent for cold storage; this amount is
based on the storage capacity of the GREENCHILL technology. Half is stored in the month of
harvest; the other half is stored in the subsequent month due to allow for variability in harvest
times each month and the storage time (either 1-2 or 2-4 weeks for each commodity). Table
3-5 shows the total maximum storage capacity for each commodity assuming that the single
commodity is being stored in the chiller at a time.
Table 3-5: Total storage potential by week and month based on the density of the commodity
type.
Type of commodity
Maximum storage
capacity (Kg/ batch)
Maximum No. of
Batches
Total maximum storage capacity
(kg/month)
Tomato
14,500
4
58,000
Bean
9,000
4
36,000
Pea
9,000
4
36,000
Custard apple (Sitaphal)
9,000
4
36,000
Based on the key assumptions listed below and in Appendix B: Economic Assumptions, the
cold storage model generated an IRR of 7.9 percent. Based on initial assumptions, which
include land provided at no charge and did include available Government of India subsidies, a
biogas-powered cold storage system is financially feasible in the village. The full model includes
initial estimates of the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and total operations and maintenance
(O&M) expenses for year one and can be viewed GMI resources page alongside the report.
3.2.1 Assumptions
Facility and economic expense assumptions used in the tool are listed in Table 3-6Table 3-1
and identify the key capital and operating expenses of the cold storage system to 50 m
3
of
biogas per day purchased from the digester.
Table 3-6: Key Cold Storage System Expense Assumptions
Assumption
Value
Source and additional notes
Facility lifespan
10 years
Project developers and sector experts
Equipment and site
development costs
2,000,000 INR
Project developers and sector experts
Biogas purchase price
25 INR/m
3
Project developers and sector experts
Employees
1 full time at 10,000 INR/month
Project developers and sector experts
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16
The total revenue for the cold storage system was calculated by multiplying the monthly
commodity storage potential for each commodity by the fixed storage fee of 3 INR per kg per
week. The estimated monthly commodity stored in the system and total revenue from the
storage cost paid by farmers is shown in Table 3-7. The total amount stored remains within the
maximum capacity of the cold storage system of 20,000 kg at any given time because the total
monthly storage is split between 1-2 or 2-4 weeks depending on the commodity.
Table 3-7: Cold Storage Commodities and Total Revenue
Month
Type of commodities stored
Total available for storage
(kg/month)
Total revenue
(INR/month)
January
Bean
18,000
₹ 54,000.0
February
Bean
36,000
₹ 108,000.0
March
Bean
18,000
₹ 54,000.0
April
(None available)
-
₹ 0.0
May
(None available)
-
₹ 0.0
June
Tomato
29,000
₹ 87,000.0
July
Tomato and pea
23,500
₹ 70,500.0
August
Tomato, pea, and apple
23,500
₹ 70,500.0
September
Tomato, pea, and apple
23,500
₹ 70,500.0
October
Tomato, pea, and apple
23,500
₹ 70,500.0
November
Tomato and apple
23,500
₹ 70,500.0
December
Tomato
29,000
₹ 87,000.0
Total
247,500
₹ 742,500.0
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3.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis
The cold storage system sensitivity analysis considers the same range of biogas prices as the
previous analysis as well as fixed pay-as-you-store prices per kg per week. In Table 3-8 below,
the yellow box is the IRR from the final model assumptions. The blue box indicates an
approximate breakeven point.
Table 3-8: Sensitivity Analysis of the cold storage system based on changing the biogas
purchase price and cold storage charge.
Biogas Purchase Price
(INR/m3)
₹ 2.0 ₹ 2.5 ₹ 3.0 ₹ 3.5
₹ 8.0 5.3% 12.3% 18.5% 24.3%
₹ 10.0 3.9% 11.0% 17.4% 23.2%
₹ 15.0 -0.1% 7.7% 14.4% 20.4%
₹ 20.0 -4.7% 4.1% 11.2% 17.5%
₹ 25.0 -10.2% 0.1% 7.9% 14.6%
₹ 28.0 -14.4% -2.5% 5.8% 12.7%
Cold storage charge
(INR per kg per week)
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3.3 Emissions Reductions Analysis
The project feedstocks and baseline manure management were entered into the Global
Methane Initiative’s Anaerobic Digestion Screening Tool
2
to determine the emissions reductions
from the Karanjkhop pilot, as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. The baseline
management system assumes that manure is left to cure in an unmanaged pile for
approximately eight months.
Figure 5: Estimated emissions reductions were calculated using the Anaerobic Digestion
Screening Tool. The graph on the left shows estimated baseline and project emissions in metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO
2
e), which represents an amount of a GHG whose
atmospheric impact has been standardized to that of one unit mass of carbon dioxide (CO
2
),
based on the global warming potential of the gas. The graph on the right shows baseline and
project emissions in kg of methane (CH
4
).
2
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Screening Tool was developed by EPA under the auspices of the Global
Methane Initiative and in support of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition. The AD Screening Tool enables
users to conduct pre-feasibility analyses to evaluate AD opportunities for a variety of feedstocks,
including organic municipal solid waste, livestock manure, agricultural residues, and wastewater.
2260
377
Baseline Emissions
(kg CH4)
Project Emissions (kg
CH4)
106
22
Baseline Emissions
(MtCO2e)
Project Emissions
(MtCO2e)
The Karanjkhop pilot project could
reduce annual GHG emissions by 79%.
The Karanjkhop pilot project could reduce
annual methane emissions by 83%.
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4. Next Steps
The results of this pre-feasibility analysis indicate that a pilot project for small scale biogas-
powered cold storage is potentially financially feasible in Karanjkhop. A full-scale feasibility
analysis should be conducted by a project developer prior to project implementation. An
additional cold storage facility in Randullabad or an expansion of the Karanjkhop facility to
include commodities from both villages could be explored after analyzing the results from the
pilot project.
The analysis determined that a lack of available commodities in April and May means that the
cold storage system was not required for two months of the year (April and May). This will
require project developers to find alternative uses for biogas, such as:
▪ Supply biogas via pipelines to the nearby households for cooking purposes
▪ Supply biogas to schools for use cooking midday meals
▪ Utilize biogas to generate off-grid electricity for street lighting and drinking water pumping,
or to run an irrigation pump in the village
▪ Alternatively, the Karanjkhop facility could allow storage of commodities from surrounding
agricultural villages.
Following the financial pre-feasibility analysis, project partners could work with the local
community Gram Panchayat, NGOs, and other development groups to identify options for
funding project development, such as government grants, CSR funds, or private financing.
Additional uses for biogas during months without cold storage would be determined for the
application. As noted in the financial models, construction for both facilities should take less
than one year. After successful demonstration of the pilot project, the project team would
assess predicted versus actual revenue and expenses and develop lessons learned to assist
other rural areas. Using pilot project information, a strategy for scaling biogas-powered cold
storage could be prepared for use in agricultural villages in states to be selected with input from
MNRE. Development of additional projects would be done in consultation with the state
agencies, village leaders, agricultural departments, farmers, technology providers, and other
stakeholders.
Additional Resources
The following resources may be helpful for developing and operating AD projects:
▪ Initial Project Checklist | US EPA
▪ EPA Biogas Toolkit
▪ AgSTAR Anaerobic Digester Project Development Handbook
▪ AgSTAR Anaerobic Digester/Biogas System Operator Guidebook
▪ Anaerobic Digestion Screening Tool
▪ Organics Economics (OrganEcs) Screening Tool – Anaerobic Digestion
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Appendix A: Relevant Programs in India
India has invested in a national strategy to increase biogas production while reducing methane
emissions, which includes policy initiatives, capacity-building, and public-private partnerships.
This section describes various current policies and initiatives that help promote biogas
development in India that may be relevant for the development of biogas-powered cold storage
in rural areas. In addition to the climate benefits of biogas project development, the benefits of
this strategy support India’s sustainable development goals, which include providing affordable
clean energy (GMI, 2020).
4.1.1 Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources – DHAN
India has undertaken the Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission), which is aimed at
improving sanitation and cleaning India’s cities, towns, and rural areas. The effort in rural areas,
among addressing other issues, includes efforts to productively use agricultural waste and crop
residues to generate biogas. The Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources (GOBAR)-DHAN
scheme, led by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, is an extension of the Swachh
Bharat Mission. The program aims to improve management of biowaste, including animal
waste, kitchen scraps, agricultural residue, market waste, and human waste. Livestock waste
management in India can result in air pollution and associated health impacts when cattle
manure is dried and used as a cooking fuel. Poor sanitation practices from manure discarded in
open spaces results in land and water pollution and health impacts due to pathogens. GOBAR-
DHAN is an effort to create clean villages and provide energy in India by using livestock manure
and solid agricultural waste to produce biogas or bio-compressed natural gas (bio-CNG) (GMI,
2020).
States can choose to develop as many viable projects as possible to achieve effective biowaste
management in their villages. Funding under the initiative will be based on the number of
households in each Gram Panchayat, village, or small town with local government and the
chosen model of operation. Villages cannot receive GOBAR-DHAN funding if they have used
funding for other solid and liquid waste management projects under the Swachh Bharat
Mission.
4.1.2 Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Programs
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the Government of
India for all matters related to new and renewable energy. MNRE aims to develop and deploy
new and renewable energy projects, including biogas, to help meet the energy requirements of
the country (Government of India, 2021a). In addition to the Waste-to-Energy Program and New
National Biogas and Organic Manure Program detailed below, MNRE also leads the Biogas
Power Generation (off-grid) and Thermal Energy Application Program.
Waste-to-Energy Program
MNRE promotes the waste-to-energy program, a national program to spur the recovery of
energy from urban, industrial, and agricultural wastes through waste-to-energy projects. The
program focuses on converting municipal solid waste and agricultural waste into fuel for heating
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21
and cooking, combined heat and power, and bio-CNG. MNRE has proposed financial incentives
to encourage participation in these projects (EAI, 2017), including:
▪ Financial assistance through interest subsidies for commercial projects, capital cost for
innovative demonstration projects that generate power from municipal or industrial waste
and sewage treatment plants, and conducting studies on waste-to-energy projects and
covering the full cost of such studies
▪ Incentives to the state nodal agencies for promotion, coordination, and monitoring of waste-
to-energy projects
▪ Promotional activities including research and development, resources assessments,
technology upgradation, and performance evaluations
While there are no limitations on size of the projects, based on the capital subsidy cap for
individual projects, projects are typically in the range of 1,200 to 36,000 m
3
biogas/day. In July
2018, MNRE announced the continuation of the program to promote energy from urban,
industrial, and agricultural waste and central financial assistance for three fiscal years (2017–
2018, 2018–2019, and 2019–2020). The central financial assistance includes a capital subsidy
of INR 1.0 crore (approximately US $150,000) per 12,000 m
3
biogas/day for biogas projects
and INR 4.0 crore (US $600,000) per 4,800 kgs of bio-CNG/day generated from 12,000 m
3
biogas/day.
Bioenergy Schemes
MNRE promotes installation of biogas plants by implementing two bioenergy schemes for under
off-grid/distributed and decentralized renewable power (Government of India, 2021b). Under
both schemes, central financial assistance is available depending on the biogas generating
capacity.
▪ New National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme, for biogas plant size ranging from 1
to 25 m
3
per day. Small biogas plants are eligible if the beneficiary has their own land, about
50 to 60 m
2
, to install the biogas plant, has available manure for the feedstock, has an
available water supply, and has the financial capacity for investing their own money
(Government of India, 2021b).
▪ Biogas Power Generation (Off-grid) and Thermal Energy Application Programme, for setting
up biogas plants in the size range of 30 m
3
to 2,500 m
3
per day, for corresponding power
generation capacity range of 3 kW to 250 kW from biogas or raw biogas for thermal energy
/ cooling applications (PEDA, 2021).
4.1.3 Indian National Centre for Cold Chain Development
In July of 2012, the Government of India established the National Centre for Cold Chain
Development (NCCD) to serve as an autonomous center for the technical development and
regulatory promotion of integrated cold chains for produce and perishable agricultural products
(HLPE, 2014). NCCD’s main priorities include:
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22
▪ Serving as the nodal agency for all current and future cold chain development and
interventions,
▪ Recommending policy interventions and regulations that promote best practices in cold
chain infrastructure and increase development of these resources,
▪ Promoting capacity building, development of necessary human resources and technical
requirements, and
▪ Suggesting government standards and certifications intended to grow and support the cold
chain industry.
The National Horticultural Board (NHB; part of the Indian Ministry of Agriculture) has created
technical standards for cold chain projects that will be used by other government agencies as
they support the NCCD’s mission. In tandem with the NCCD’s mandate and the NHB’s
technical standards, government agencies (NHB, National Horticultural Mission, and Ministry of
Food Processing Industries) now offer financial incentives for new cold storage projects in
addition to projects that are expanding the capacity of existing cold storage (HLPE, 2014).
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Appendix B: Economic Assumptions
The table below shows the economic assumptions used in the financial analysis for both the
anaerobic digestion and cold storage facilities.
Assumption
Value
Source and additional notes
Cost of land
0 INR
Under the GOBAR-DHAN scheme, land for a pilot
project could be provided by the Gram Panchayat at no
charge. In other cases, land would be purchased or
leased
Government subsidy
0 INR
It could be possible for a project to obtain public funding,
however this value was no included to determine if the
project was feasible independent of public funding.
Labor cost per employee
120,000 INR/year
Project developers and sector experts
Annual interest rate
5.8%
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD)
Annual inflation rate
4.91%
India CPI inflation rate
Tax levied on profits
0%
Profits are tax exempt
Goods and services tax levied on
equipment
12%
Project developers and sector experts
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