Report of the Chancellor’s
Commission on Free
Speech
April 9, 2018
The Commission’s Website can be found at: https://chancellor.berkeley.edu/task-forces/commission-free-
speech
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary 2
Summary of Charge 4
Findings 5
Recommendations 8
Process 16
Appendix A: Chancellor’s Charge Letter to the Commission on Free Speech 18
Appendix B: Commission on Free Speech Membership Roster 21
Appendix C: Individual Statements from Commission Members 22
Appendix D: Recommended Background Reading 24
Cover photo: Demonstration against tuition increases, Sproul Plaza, April 2009, © Regents of the
University of California
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
!"#$%&'#()$*+,$-"%./*$012."3&#$4567$."$8'#2/$4569:;$'$<#"=>$"?$@A$B&#C&(&)$?'2=(.);$*.'??;$*.=D&%.*$
'%D$'D-+%+*.#'."#*$-&.$."$2"%*+D&#$./&$A/'%2&(("#E*$2/'#<&$."$+%F&*.+<'.&$/"G$./&$2'->=*$2"=(D$
3&..&#$'DD#&**$'%D$-'%'<&$>"(+.+2'(()$2"%.#"F&#*+'($>=3(+2$&F&%.*H$I%F+.&D$A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$
/&(D$D+F&#*&$F+&G>"+%.*$'%D$>&#*>&2.+F&*$'3"=.$#&2&%.;$2"%.#"F&#*+'($2'->=*$&F&%.*H$$
$
J/&$@%+F&#*+.)$"?$A'(+?"#%+';$B&#C&(&);$+%$+.*$2"--+.- & %. $." $'D / & #& $." $./ &$! +#* .$K -&%D-&%.;$- = *. $
2"%.+%=&$."$&-3#'2&$+.*$"3(+<'.+"%$."$>#".&2.$./&$?=%D'-&%.'($#+</.$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/;$+%2(=D+%<$/'.&$$
*>&&2/H
6
$K.$./&$*'-&$.+-&;$./&$2'->=*$-=*.$2"--+.$+.*&(?$."$#&D=2+%<$./&$(+C&(+/""D$"?$D+*#=>.+"%$
?#"-$>#" F "2 '.+F & $&F & %.* ;$'% D $- = *.$.' C &$* .&> * $."$' F" +D $/' #-$."$./&$2" --=% +.) $G / & % $*=2 / $&F &% .* $
"22=#H$J/&$A" --+* * +" %$"%$! #& & $L >&&2/ $. / & #&?"#&$#& 2 " --& %D*$./ & $?" ( (" G+%<M
N/'.$L&%+"#$O&'D&#*/+>$'%D$A'->=*$KD-+%+*.#'.+"%$A'%$P"M$
$
A"%.+%=&$."$">&#'.+"%'(+Q&$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$>"(+2)$G/+(&$#&-'+%+%<$">&%$."$?=#./&#$#&F+*+"%*$3'*&D$
"%$&,>&#+&%2&$'%D$+%>=.$?#"-$./&$2"--=%+.)H$$
$
S+./&#$'DD$N&*.$A#&*2&%.$'*$'$!#&&$L>&&2/$T"%&;$#&*=(.+%<$+%$./#&&$*=2/$Q"%&*$"%$2'->=*$0'("%<$
G+./$@>>&#$'%D$O"G&#$L>#"=($U('Q'*:;$"#$-'C&$O"G&#$L>#"=($U('Q'$*=3R&2.$."$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$
>"(+2)$G/+(&$'DD+%<$N&*.$A#&*2&%.$'*$'$!#&&$L>&&2/$T"%&$0-'+%.'+%+%<$.G"$*=2/$Q"%&*;$3=.$-"F+%<$
"%&$?'#./&#$?#"-$2&%.#'($2'->=*:H
4
$$
$
8'C&$./&$>"(+2&$'$(&**$+%.+-+D'.+%<$>#&*&%2&$D=#+%<$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*H$
$
S*.'3(+*/$*.#"%<&#$2#+.&#+'$?"#$V&<+*.&#&D$L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%$0VL1:$$*>"%*"#*/+>$"?$&F&%.*$./'.$
D&-'%D$&,.#'$*&2=#+.);$+%2(=D+%<$'$#&W=+#&-&%.$./'.$VL1*$*=3-+.$'$>=3(+2$*.'.&-&%.$&,>('+%+%<$
/"G$./&$&F&%.$2"->"#.*$G+./$./&$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.);$'%D$'$#&W=+#&-&%.$./'.$VL1*$>#"F+D&$
F"(=%.&&#*$."$'**+*.$'.$*>"%*"#&D$&F&%.*$./'.$%&&D$&,.#'$*&2=#+.)H$
$
I%2#&'*&$2"- -=%+2'.+"% $'3" =.$./ &$*.&> *$?'2= (.);$*.'??;$'%D $*.=D &% .*$2'% $.'C &$."$># ".&2 .$./&-*&(F&*$
?#"-$'$D+* #= > .+F& $& F& % .H$
$
1#<'%+Q&$2"=%.&#>#"<#'--+%<$."$&->"G&#$.'#<&.&D$2"--=%+.)$-&-3&#*$+%$./&$?'2&$"?$./&$-"*.$
D+*.=#3+%<$2'->=*$*>&&2/$&F&%.*H$
$
L&&C$#&F&%=&*$'%D$*=>>"#.$?#"-$./&$L.'.&$"?$A'(+?"#%+'$?"#$&F&%.*$(+C&()$."$D+*#=>.$2'->=*$'%D$
2#&'.&$('#<&;$D+*>#">"#.+"%'.&$?+%'%2+'($3=#D&%*H$
$
1
For purposes of this document, hate speech is defined as use of words which are deliberately abusive and/or
insulting and/or threatening and/or demeaning.
2
The term “Free Speech Zone” is used in this report to denote areas with fewer time, place, and manner restrictions
than the campus as a whole. Currently Upper and Lower Sproul Plazas are exempt from the Major Events Policy
and can be reserved for potentially controversial major events with as little as 48 hours’ notice to campus. These are,
of course, not the only "zones" on campus where "free speech" is permitted. Free speech is permitted in many
campus locations, but with more significant time, place, and manner restrictions designed to avoid disruption of
campus activities than the relatively limited restrictions in the two presently designated zones.
3
S,>("#&$G/&./&#$."$*&.$'$2'>$"%$*&2=#+.)$2"*.*$?"#$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*;$3&'#+%<$+%$-+%D$./&$>".&%.+'($
?"#$(+.+<'.+"%H
X
$$
$
A"((&2.$-"#&$D'.'$"%$'..+.=D&*$."G'#D$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.$U"(+2)$."$-'C&$*=#&$+.$'%D$"./&#$#&(&F'%.$
2'->=*$>"(+2+&*$#&?(&2.$2"--=%+.)$F'(=&*H$
$
N/&%$?=%D+%<$'(("G*;$D&F&(">$'$2'->=*YG+D&$&F&%.$D'.'3'*&H$
$
A"%.+%=&$."$*=>>"#.$'$F+<"#"=*$2'->=*$2=(.=#&$"?$?#&&$*>&& 2/ H$
$
N/'.$!'2=(.)$A'%$P"M$
$
SD=2'.&$*.=D&%.*$'3"=.$./&$/'#-*$"?$/'.&?=($*>&&2/$'%D$./&$#&'*"%*$/'.&?=($*>&&2/$+*$=%#&*.#+2.&DH$$
$
J#'+%$*.=D&%.*$/"G$."$D&3'.&$'%D$D+*'<#&&$#&*>&2.?=(()Z$3=+(D$("<+2$'%D$&->+#+2'($+%W=+#)$*C+((*H$
$
S%2"=#'<&$$./&$2'->=*$."$>('%$'(.&#%'.+F&$&F&%.*$./'.$?&'.=#&$-=(.+>(&$F+&G>"+%.*$"%$*&%*+.+F&$
*=3R&2.*H$$$
$
N/'.$L.=D&%.*$A'%$P"M$
$
["%"#$%".$R=*.$./&$2'->=*E*$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.)$3=.$+.*$-+**+"%$"?$&D=2'.+"%;$#&*&'#2/;$'%D$
>=3(+2$*&#F+2&$3)$F"(=%.'#+()$3'('%2+%<$./&+#$#+</.$."$/"(D$&F&%.*$G+./$./&+#$#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$."$./&$
2"--=%+.)H$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
3
The Commission did not reach consensus on this issue.
4
CHARGE
A/'%2&(("#$A/#+*.$?"#-&D$./&$A"--+**+"%$"%$!#&&$L>&&2/$+%$12."3&#$4567$\."$'%'()Q&$&F&%.*$
?&'.=#+%< $&, .& #% '($* >& ' C& #* $+%$" #D & #$." $#&2 "--&% D $2/ ' % <& *$+% $>" (+2 )$' %D $> #" 2& D = #& *$./'.$- +</ .$
-'C&$*+-+('#$&F&%.*$]."$./"*&$"?$L&>.&-3&#$4567^$(&**$D+*#=>.+F&$'%D$&,>&%*+F&$?"#$./&$2'->=*;$
'%D$."$'DF+*&$/"G$G&$-+</.$3&*.$'(+<%$"=#$#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$?"#$>#".&2.+%<$?#&&$*>&&2/$G+./$"=#$F'(=&*$
'*$'$2"--=%+.)H_$J/&$A"--+**+"%$G'*$2/'#<&D$G+./$\D&F&(">+%<$'$*&.$"?$#&2"--&%D'.+"%*$./'.$
>#&*&#F&$./&$2'->=*E*$?+#-$2"--+.-&%.$."$?#&&$&,>#&**+"%$G/+(&$#&D=2+%<$./&$(+C&(+/""D$"?$*=2/$
&,>#&**+"%$D+*#=>.+%<$./&$-+**+"%$"?$&D=2'.+"%;$#&*&'#2/;$'%D$>=3(+2$*&#F+2&H_$
J/&$A/'%2&(("#E*$2/'#<&$(&..&#$+*$'..'2/&D$."$./+*$D"2=-&%.$'*$K>>&%D+,$KH$$
K$(+*.$"?$A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$'%D$*.'??$+*$'..'2/&D$."$./+*$D"2=-&%.$'*$K>>&%D+,$BH$
5
FINDINGS
$
P&D+2'.+"%$."$?#&&D"-$"?$*>&&2/$/'*$3&&%$'$>#"-+%&%.$'%D$F'(=&D$>'#.$"?$./&$B&#C&(&)$&./"*$*+%2&$
./&$6`a5*H$J/&$@% +F&# *+.)$"?$A'(+?"#%+';$B&#C&(&)$-=*.$2"%.+%=&$."$&-3#'2&$+.*$"3(+<'.+"%$."$>#".&2.$
./&$?=%D'- &% .'($#+</.$"?$?#&&$*> &&2 /;$+%2(=D +%<$"??&% *+F& $'%D $/'.&?= ($*>&& 2/H$J/&$2'->=*$+*$'(*"$
2"--+..&D$."$&%*=#+%<$./&$*'?&.)$"?$'(($*.=D&%.*;$*.'??;$'%D$?'2=(.)Z$."$?"*.&#+%<$'%$+%2(=*+F& $
2"--=%+.);$&*>&2+'(()$?"#$./"*&$.#'D+.+"%'(()$=%D&#Y#&>#&*&%.&DZ$'%D$."$2#&'.+%<$'%$&%F +#"%- &% .$
G/&#&$'(($F"+2&*$2'%$3&$/&'#DH$
$$
J/&$D+*2"#D$'#+*+%<$?#"-$'$?&G$*.=D&%.Y*>"%*"#&D$&F&% .*$?#"-$!&3#= '#)$."$L&>.&- 3 &#$4567$$
&,>"*&D$./&$.&%*+"%*$3&.G&&%$./&*&$2'->= *$F'(= &*H$1% $./&$"% &$/' %D;$@A $B& #C&(& )$+*$D&D+2' .&D$." $
+%2(=*+"% $' *$* .' .& D$+% $+.* $U# +% 2+> (& *$" ?$A " - -=%+.) H
b
$J/+*$+%2(=*+"%$#'%<&*$?#"-$#'2&;$&./%+2+.);$
<&%D&#;$+--+<#'%.$*.'.=*;$D+*'3+(+.);$#&(+<+"%;$*&,='($"#+&%.'.+"%;$'%D$>"(+.+2'($+D&"("<)$."$"./&#$
?"#-*$"?$D +??&# &% 2 &;$' (($\+% $'$*> +#+.$" ?$2+F +(+.) $'% D $#& *> &2 .$+% $"= #$> &# *" %' ($+% .& #'2 .+" % *H_$L =2 / $2+F +(+.)$
'%D$#&*>&2.;$/"G&F&#;$'#&$%".$#&W=+#&D$3)$./&$!+#*.$K-&%D-&%.c'%D$@A$B&#C&(&)$2/'->+"%*$
'**+D="=*()$./&$?#&&D"-$"?$&,>#&**+"%$<#'%.&D$./#"=</$./&$?+#*.$'#.+2(&$"?$./&$B+(($"?$V+</.*;$G+./"= .$
G/+2/$./&$@%+F&#*+.)E*$F&#)$-+**+"%$G"=(D$3&$R&">'#D+Q&DH$J/&$2'->=*$-=*.$2"--+.$+.*&(?$."$
#&D=2+%<$./&$(+C&(+/""D$"?$D+*#=>.+"%$?#"- $>#"F"2 '.+F&$&F&% .*;$'%D$-= *.$.'C&$*.&>*$."$'F"+D$/' #- $."$
./&$2"-- =% +.)$G /&%$*=2/$&F&%.*$"22=#H$$
$
1%$K>#+($66;$456a;$#+</.YG+%<$>"(+.+2'($2"--&%.'."#$B&%$L/'>+#"$*>"C&$'.$@A$B&#C&(&)$G+./"=.$
2"%.#"F&#*)H$L/'>+#"E*$%&G*$"=.(&.;$./&$G&3*+.&$P'+()$N+#&;$%".&D$'>>#"F+%<()$./'.$\J/&$'=D+&%2&$'.$
B&#C&(&)$G'*$2+F+($'%D$>"(+.&;$>&#/'>*$-"#&$*"$./'%$'%)$"./&#$=%+F&#*+.)$L/'>+#"$/'*$F+*+.&D$+%$./&$
('*.$?&G$G && C *H$J/ +*$+*$(+C &() $D= & $."$./ &$?' 2.$./ ' .$B &# C& (&) $/" *. *$*> &' C &#* $"% $'$# &< =(' #$3 ' *+*Z$./ &$
>"(+.+2'(()Y2"%*2+"=*$2'->=*$+*$(+C&()$=*&D$."$>"(+.+2'(()$2/'#<&D$*>&&2/H_
d
$
$
L/'>+#"$%&,.$*>"C&$'.$@A$B&#C&(&)$"%$L&>.&-3&#$6b;$4567H$J/+*$.+-&$/&$G'*$-&.$3)$/=%D#&D*$"?$
>#".&*.&#*H$J/&$2'->=*$*>&%.$ea55;555$."$>#".&2.$3"./$/+*$?+#*.$'-&%D-&%.$#+</.$."$*>&'C$'%D$./&$
*'?&.)$"?$*=>>"#.&#*$'%D$D&.#'2."#*$'#"=%D$./&$F&% =&H$f+%&$>&"> (&$G&#&$'##&*.&D H
a
$
$
N/)$./&$D+??&#&%2&g$N/'.$/'>>&%&D$."$./&$2'->=*E*$#&*>"%*&$."$>"(+.+2'(()$2/'#<&D$*>&&2/g$
$
K(./"=</$"?$2"=#*&$-'%)$./+%<*$2/'%<&D$D=#+%<$./&$67$-"%./*$3&.G&&%$L/'>+#"E*$2'->=*$
&%<'<&-&%.*;$"=#$2"%2(=*+"%$+*$./'.$./&$#+*&$"?$=(.#'Y2"%*&#F'.+F&$#/&."#+2;$+%2(=D+%<$G/+.&$
*=>#&-'2+*.$F+&G*$'%D$>#" .&*.$-'#2/ &*;$(&<+.+-+Q&D$3)$./&$456a$>#&*+D&%.+'($&(&2.+"%$'%D$+.*$
'?.&#-'./;$&%2"=#'<&D$?'#Y#+</.$'%D$'(.Y#+</.$'2.+F+*.*$."$\*>+C&$./&$?"".3'((_$'.$B&#C&(&) H$J/+*$
>#"F"C&D$'%$'.Y.+-&*$F+"(&%.$0' %D$2" %D &- % '3 (&:$#&*>"% *&$?#"- $./&$&,.#&-&$(&?.;$.&'#+%<$'.$./&$
2'->=*E*$*"2+'($?'3#+2H
7
$$
$
$
$
4
https://diversity.berkeley.edu/principles-community
5
https://www.dailywire.com/news/4851/ben-shapiro-speaks-berkeley-joshua-yasmeh
6
https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/14/us/berkeley-ben-shapiro-speech/index.html
7
The football metaphor, which means “flagrant celebration in an opponent’s most valued territory,” arose during an
exchange between a conservative student member of the Commission and a conservative student providing
testimony on February 9, 2018. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Co7DcDcbYbo at 32:15.
6
A"%.#'#)$."$'$2=##&%.()$>">=('#$%'##'.+F&;$B&#C&(&)$#&-'+%*$'$."(&#'%.$2'->=*H$$K%$1??+2&$"?$
U('%%+%<$h$K%'()*+*$*=#F&)$"?$+%2"-+%<$!'(($4567$*.=D&%.*$?"=%D$./'.$./#&&YW='#.&#*$"?$./&-$'<#&&$
./'.$\./&$@%+F&#*+.)$/ '*$./& $#&*>" %*+3 +(+.)$."$>#"F +D&$&W= '($'2 2&**$." $*'?&$'% D$*&2= #&$F& %= &*$?"#$
<=&*.$*>&'C&#*$"?$'(($F+&G>"+%.*c&F&%$+?$./&$+D&'*$'#&$?"=%D$"??&%*+F&$3)$*"-&$"#$2"%?(+2.$G+./$./&$
F'(=&*$/&(D$3)$./&$@A$B&#C&(&)$2"--=%+.)H_$J/+*$+*$2"%*+*.&%.$G+./$./&$#&*=(.*$"?$'$%'.+"%G+D&$
456a$*.=D)$3)$./&$i%+</.$!"=%D'.+"%;$G/+2/$#&>"#.&DM$\B)$79j$."$44j;$-"#&$*.=D&%.*$*')$2"((&<&*$
*/"=(D$&,>"*&$*.=D&%.*$."$'(($.)>&*$"?$*>&&2/$'%D$F+&G> "+%.*$./'%$*')$2"((&<&*$*/"= (D$>#"/+3+.$
3+'*&D$"#$"??&%*+F&$*>&&2/$+%$./&$?=#./&#'%2&$"?$'$>"*+.+F&$(&'#%+%<$&%F+#"%- &%.H$J/&)$'#&$- "#&$
(+C&()$./'% $@ HLH$'D = (.*$0a a j :$." $*' )$./ +*H_
9
$$
$
K(($./&$4567$&F&%.*$./'.$(&D$."$D+*#=>.+"%$G&#&$*>"%*"#&D$3)$F&#)$*-'(($<#"=>*$"?$*.=D&%.*$G"#C+%<$
2("*&()$G+./$"=.*+D&$"#<'%+Q'.+"%*H$K(./"=</$./"*&$*>&'C&#*$/'D$&F&#)$#+</.$."$*>&'C$'%D$G& #&$
&%.+.(&D$."$>#".&2.+"%;$./&)$D+D$%".$%&&D$."$3&$"%$2'->=*$."$&,+*&$./&$#+</.$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/H$
I%D&&D;$'.$(&'*.$*"-&$"?$./&$456 7$& F&% .*$'.$B &#C &(& )$2'% $%" G $3& $*&&% $."$3& $>'#.$" ?$'$2""# D+% '.&D $
2'->'+<%$."$"#<'%+Q&$'>>&'#'%2&*$"%$K-&#+2'%$2'->=*&*$(+C&()$."$+%2+.&$'$F+"(&%.$#&'2.+"%;$+%$
"#D&#$."$'DF'%2&$'$?'2+(&$%'##'.+F&$./'.$=%+F&#*+.+&*$'#&$%".$."(&#'%.$"?$2"%*&#F'.+F&$*>&&2/H$
$
N&$*/"=(D;$"?$2"=#*&;$3&$G'#)$"?$>'+%.+%<$G+./$'%$"F&#()$3#"'D$3#=*/H$I%$L/'>+#" E* $2' * & ;$. / & $2 (' + -$
./'.$/+*$+%F+.'.+"%$."$2'- > =*$G ' *$+%.&%D &D$." $3#"' D&% $./&$> "(+.+2'($D+*2" =#*& $/'*$*" - &$>(' =*+3+(+.);$
'*$/+*$2"--+.-&%.$."$./&$+**=&$("%<$>#&D'.&*$./&$>"('#+Q+%<$456a$&(&2.+"%H$8+("$k+'%%">"=("*$'%D$
K%%$A"=(.&#;$/"G&F&#;$&,>#&**&D$(+..(&$+%.&#&*.$+%$#&'*"%&D$D+*2=**+"%$"?$2"%.&%.+"=*$+**=&*$"#$+%$
D&?&%D+%<$"#$#&F+*+%<$./&+#$F+&G*$./#"=</$'#<=-&%.H$8'%)$A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$'#&$*C&>.+2'($"?$
./&*&$*>&'C&#* E$2"- - +.- &% .$."$'% )./+% <$"./ &#$./' %$./&$> =#*= +.$"?$G &'(./$' %D $?'- &$./#" =< /$./&$
+%*.+<'.+" % $"?$' % <& #;$?& '# ;$'% D $F& % <& ?= (% & ** $+%$./ & +#$/ ' #DY#+</.$2"%*.+.=&%2) H
`
$L>&&2/$"?$./+*$C+%D$+*$
/'#D$."$D&?&%D;$&*>&2+'(()$+%$(+</.$"?$./&$'2=.&$D+*.#&**$+.$2'=*&D$0'%D$G'*$+%.&%D&D$."$2'=*&:$."$*.'??$
'%D$*.=D&%.*;$-'%)$"?$G/"-$?&(.$./#&'.&%&D$'%D$.'#<&.&D$3)$./&$*>&'C& #*$'%D $3)$./ &$"= .*+D&$
<#"=>*$?+%'%2+%<$./&+#$'>>&'#'%2&*H$$
$
J/&$'**&#.+"%$"?$+%D+F+D='($#+</.*$'.$./&$&,>&%*&$"?$*"2+'($#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$3)$'$/'%D?=($"?$*.=D&%.*$
/'D$&%"#-"=*$2"%*&W=&%2&*$?"#$./&$2'->=*H$8'%)$*.=D&%.*$'%D$*.'??$?&(.$./#&'.&%&D$%".$R=*.$3)$./&$
-&**'<&$"?$./&$*>&'C&#*;$3=.$3)$./&$('#<&$>"(+2&$>#&*&%2&$#&W=+#&D$."$'**=#&$&F&#)"%&E*$*'?&.)H$
J/"=*'%D*$-"#&$*.=D&%.*$'%D$*.'??c*"- &$>&#/ '>*$%" .$'*$D+*.=#3&D$3)$./&$>"(+.+2'($&F&%.*$"#$3)$
./&$('#<&$>"(+2&$>#&*& %2 &cG&#&$%"%&./&(&**$+%2"%F&%+&%2&D$3)$./&$%&'#$*/=.D" G% $"?$L>#"=($U('Q'$
'%D$F+2+%+.)H$K%D;$'*$/'*$#&2&%.()$2"-&$."$(+</.;$./&$2'->=*$*>&%.$%&'#()$eb$-+((+"%cD=#+%<$'$.+-&$
"?$*&F&#&$?+*2'($D=#&**c"%$*&2=#+.)$2"*.*$?"#$./&$&F&%.*$"?$L&>.&-3&#$4567$'("%&H
65
$$
$
I.$+*$+->"**+3(&$."$>#&D+2.$G/&./&#$>"(+.+2'(()$>"('#+Q+%<$&F&%.*$G+(($2"%.+%=&$."$#"+($./&$2'->=*Z$
-=2/$G+(($D&>&%D$"%$./&$%'.+"%'($Q&+.<&+*.H$B=.$'*$L2/""($"?$O'G$P&'%$S#G+%$A/&-&#+%*C)$'%D$/+*$
2"Y'=./"#;$@A$I#F+%&$A/'%2&(("#$["G'#D$l+((-'%;$&,>('+%$+%$./&+#$('%D-'#C$3""C$Free$Speech$on$
Campus,
66
$-"#&$./'%$&+</.)$)&'#*$"?$!+#*.$K-&%D-&%.$('G$G"=(D$%&&D$."$3&$"F&#.=#%&D$?"#$./&$
2'->=*$."$(&<'(()$>#"/+3+.$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*$./'.$"??&#$(+..(&$F'(=&$'*$2"%.#+3=.+"%*$."$
2'->=*$D+*2"=#*&H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$/'*$%"$'>>&.+.&$?" #$+%* .+< '.+% < $$'$(& <' ($3 '..(& $" F& #$./ +*$+** = &$
0&,2&>.$>"**+3()$+%$2"% %&2 .+"%$G +./$2"*.;$'*$G +(($3&$D+*2=**&D $('.&#:;$+%$>'#.$3&2'= *&$- &- 3 &#*$'#&$
8
https://www.knightfoundation.org/media/uploads/publication_pdfs/FreeSpeech_campus.pdf, p. 3.
9
For example, Yiannopoulos’s commitment to furthering white supremacist views under the cloak of political
conservatism is documented at https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/heres-how-breitbart-and-milo-smuggled-
white-nationalism?utm_term=.jxRjaRkwB#.kuAAJzZkE.
10
http://www.dailycal.org/2018/02/04/uc-berkeley-split-4m-cost-free-speech-events-uc-office-president/
11
Chemerinsky, Erwin and Gillman, Howard: Free Speech on Campus, Yale University Press, 2017.
7
%".$2"%F+%2&D$./'.$'$D&?&%*+3(&$>#"2&D=#&$2"=(D$3&$D&F+*&D$?"#$D&.&#-+%+%<$+%$'DF'%2&$G/+2/$
>('%%&D$&F&%.*$'#&$(+C&()$."$#&>#&*&%.$2"%*.#=2.+F&$2"%.#+3=.+"%*$."$2'-> =*$D+*2"=#*& H$!=#./&#;$
KL@A$SF&%.$L&#F+2&*$'%D$./&$A('**#""-$L2/&D=(+%<$1??+2&$/"*.&D$66;ba5$%"%YD&>'#.-&%.'($&F&%.*$
+%$./&+#$?'2+( +.+& *$D = #+% < $!' (($4 5 6 7$0 7;4 6 a $./ #" = < /$K L @ A ;$b ;4b b $./ #" = < / $A(' * *#" " -$L2/&D=(+%<:;$"?$
G/+2/$"%()$.G"c./&$L/ '>+#" $'>> &' #'% 2&$'% D$k+' %% "> "=(" *E*$\!#&& $L>& &2/ $N &&C _c2#&'.&D$'$
D+*.=#3'%2&H$J/&$2'->=*E*$2"Y2=##+2=('#$&2"*)*.&-$+*$2(&'#()$./#+F+%<;$"%$./&$G/"(&;$'%D$./&$
A"--+**+"%$+*$G'#)$"?$+->(&-&%.+%<$2/'%<&*$./'.$2"=(D$+->&D&$+.*$<""D$?=%2 .+" % +% <H$$$
$$
J/&#&?"#&;$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$'$%=-3&#$"?$>#'<-'.+2$*.&>*$"%$./&$>'#.$"?$2'->=*$
(&'D&#*/ +>$' %D $' D-+%+*.#'.+" % ;$./& $?'2= (.) ;$'% D $*.= D &% .*$./ &-*&(F&*$." $#& D= 2 &$./ &$(+C &(+/ " "D $./ '.$
-'R"#$&F&%.*$/"*.&D$3)$%"%YD&>'#.-&%.'($"#<'%+Q'.+"%*$G+( ($'< ' +%$D +* #= > .$./ & $2' ->=*$' *$./ & )$D +D $
+%$L&>.& - 3 & #$4 5 6 7H$J / " *& $#& 2" --&% D ' .+" % *$?" ((" GH
8
RECOMMENDATIONS
$
J/&#&$+*$%"$-'<+2$?"#-=('$?"#$&(+-+%'.+%<$./&$2"*.$'%D$D+*#=>.+"%$"?$2"%.#"F&#*+'($&F&%.*$"%$
2'->=*H$V'./&#;$&F&#)$2'->=*$2"%*.+.=&%2)$%&&D*$."$/&(>$#&D=2&$./&$(+C&(+/""D$"?$D+*#=>.+"%*$(+C&$
./"*&$./&$2'- >= *$&,> &#+&% 2&D $+%$L&>.& - 3& #$456 7H$$$
$
N[KJ$OSKPSVL[IU$KfP$KP8IfILJVKJI1f$AKf$P1M$
$
8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$
J/&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$+*$'$2"%*+D&#'3(&$'2/+&F&-&%.H$J/&#&$G&#&$>#"3(&-*$G+./$+.*$
+->(&-&%.'. +" %;$' *$2 '->=*$& F &% .$-'%'< &# *$' % D$V & < +*. &# &D $L .= D &% . $1 #< '% +Q '. +"% * $0V L 1 *: $%& & D &D $
."$'DR=*.$."$./&$%&G $#&W= +#&- & %.*$+->"*&D$"%$&F&%.*$./'.$+%F"(F&D$455$"#$-"#&$>'#.+2+>'%.*;$"#$$
+%F"(F&D $' (2" / " (;$" #$2" % *+* .& D $"?$' $D '% 2 &$" #$2 "% 2 &# .;$" #$#& W = +#& D$" = .D " " #$' - > ( +?+&D $*" = % D H$U# +" #$." $
./&$+%.#"D=2.+"%$" ?$./&$8 'R"#$S F&% .*$U" (+2);$./&$2'->=*$*.#"F& $."$'22" - - " D'.& $('*.Y-+%=.&$
'..&->.*$."$/"(D$3+<$&F&%.*$"%$*/"#.$%".+2&H$["G&F&#;$*.'#.+%<$+%$!'(($4567;$VL1*$/'D$."$>#"F+D&$./&$
@%+F&#*+.)$"?$A'(+?"#%+'$U"(+2&$P&>'#.-&%.$0@AUP:$G+./$'.$(&'*.$&+</.$G&&C*E$%".+2&$"?$'$-'R"#$
&F&%.H$J/+*$%&G$2"%D+.+"%$R&">'#D+Q&D$'$%=-3&#$"?$'%%='($VL1$&F&%.*$./'.$/'D$3&&%$/&(D$?"#$)&'#*$
G+./"=.$+%2+D&%.H$K$?+F&Y>&#*"%$*.#+C&$.&'-$?"=%D$'$>'./$?"#G'#D$?"#$'(-"*.$'(($./"*&$&F&%.*$
G+./"=.$F+"('.+%<$./&$>"(+2)H$
$
J/&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$G'*$+->(&-&%.&D$"%$'%$+%.&#+-$3'*+*$G+./$./&$&,>&2.'.+"%$./'.$+.$G"=(D$3&$
#&F+*&D$'?.&#$&,.&%*+F&$2'->= *$+%>=.H$J/& $>"(+2)$G' *$">&%& D$."$2"- - &%.$+%$12."3 &#$456 7H$f&' #()$
d55$#&*>"%D&%.*;$"F&#$9dj$"?$./&-$*.=D&%.*;$*=3-+..&D$2"--&%.*H$l=+D&D$3)$./'.$+%>=.;$'*$G&(($'*$
3)$+%>=.$?#"-$./&$K2'D&-+2$L&%'.&;$./&$A"->(+'%2&$'%D$S%.&#>#+*&$V+*C$A " --+..& &$0A S V A : $U" (+2 )$
L=32"--+..&&;$./&$?=(($ASVA;$'%D$./&$A"--+**+"%$"%$!#&&$L>&&2/;$./&$#&F+*&D$>"(+2)$G'*$+**=&D$"%$
m'%='#) $`;$4 5 69 H$J / &$% ". +?+2' .+" %$> & #+" D$?" #$D +*2 ("* +%< $'$-'R"#$&F &% .$." $2' ->=*$0./ &$@ A U P $' %D $./ & $
+%.&%D& D $F& % = &: $G ' *$* /" # .& %& D$?#"-$&+</.$G&&C*$."$*+,Z$./&$%=-3&#$"?$>'#.+2+>'%.*$2"->#+*+%<$'$
-'R"#$&F&%.$G'*$+%2#&'*&D$?#"-$455$."$X55Z$'(2"/"($D+*.#+3=.+"%$G'*$>&#-+..&D$'.$2&#.'+%$("2'.+"%*Z$
'%D$./&$D&?+%+.+"%$"?$D'%2&*$G'*$2/'%<&D$."$&,2(=D&$D'%2&$performancesH$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$3&(+&F&*$+.$-')$.'C&$.G"$)&'#*$?"#$./&$2'->=*$."$?=(()$'**+-+('.&$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$
U"(+2)H$I%$./&$-&'%.+-&;$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.;$*.'#.+%<$+%$12."3&#$4569;$./&$2'->=*$
-'C&$?=#./&#$#&F+*+"%*$3'*&D$"%$&,>&#+&%2&$'%D$+%>=.$?#"-$./&$2"--=%+.)H$0I.$*/"=(D$3&$%".&D$
/&#&$$./'.$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$/'*$%"$+->'2.$"%$D&-"%*.#'.+"%*;$"%()$"%$'2.+F+.+&*$?"#$G/+2/$
%"%YD&>'#.-&%.'($/"*.*$G+*/$."$reserve$*>'2&$"%$2'->=*$?"#$'$>('%%&D$&F&%.H$:$
$
!#&&$L>&&2/$T"%&*$
@>>&#$'%D$O"G&#$L>#"=($U('Q'*$'#&$./&$2'->=*E*$.#'D+.+"%'($?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"% &*H$J/& )$'#& $&,&- > .$
?#"-$./& $8 ' R"# $S F& % .*$U "(+2 ) ;$'(("G+%<$?"# $+- > #" - > .= $<' ./ & #+% <* $+%$' 22 "# D '% 2& $G+./$./&$.+-&;$
>('2&;$'%D$-'%%&#$<=+D&(+%&*$+%$$./&$#&(&F'%.$B&#C&(&)$A'->=*$V&<=('.+"%*$I->(&-&%.+%<$
@%+F&#*+.)$U"(+2+&*H
64
$$k&.$*"-&$"?$./&$-"*.$+->"#.'%.$*.=D&%.$*&#F+2&*$=%+.*$"%$2'->=*$'#&$3'*&D$
%&'#$./&$U('Q'*;$'-"%<$./&-M$L>#"=($['(($0V&<+*.#'#;$!+%'%2+'($K+D;$P&'%$"?$L.=D&%.*;$l#'D='.&$
P+F+*+"%:Z$./&$A&*'#$A/'F&Q$L.=D&%.$A&%.&#$0P+*'3(&D$L.=D&%.*$U#"<#'-;$l&%D&#$SW=+.)$V&*"=#2&$
A&%.&#;$L.=D&%.$O&'#%+%<$A&%.&#;$-=(.+>(&$L.=D&%.$P&F&(">-&%.$A&%.&#*:Z$'%D$S*/(&-'%$['(($0KL@A$
L.=D&%.$l"F&#%-&%.;$l#'D='.&$K**&-3();$OSKP$A&%.&#:H$N/&%$./&$U('Q'*$'#&$2("*&D$"#$"./&#G+*&$
D+*#=>.&D$3)$-'R"#$&F&%.*$#&W=+#+%<$'DD+.+"%'($*&2=#+.);$./&$=%+.*$+%$./&*&$3= +(D +% < *$-=*.$&+./ & #$
12
See Sections 331, 342, 344, 346, 351, and 368 at http://sa.berkeley.edu/campus-regulations
9
*/=.$D"G%;$.&->"#'#+()$- "F&$0*"- &./+%<$&,.#&- & ()$D+??+2=(.$."$D"$+%$-"*.$2+#2=-*.'%2&*:;$"#$#+*C$
*&#F+%<$./&+#$*.=D&%.$2(+&%.*$+%$>#",+-+.)$."$=%>#&D+2.'3(&$2#"GD*H$$
$
S+./&#$'DD+%<$"#$-"F+%<$?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"%&*$G"=(D$#&(+&F&$./&$3=#D&%$"%$./+*$'#&'$'%D$#&D=2&$./&$
(+C&(+/""D $./' .$F +.'($*& #F +2& *$G +(($3 &$+%. &## => .& D H$J/ &$A "--+**+" %$2 "% *+D &# &D $.G " $
#&2"--&% D'.+"% *H$$
$
J/&$?+#*.$+*$./'.$./&$2'->=*$">&%$'$./+#D$?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"%&;$N&*.$A#&*2&%.;$'%D$&%2"=#'<&$%"%Y
D&>'#.-&%.'($/"*.*$."$/"(D$./&+#$&F&%.*$./& #& H$N &* .$A# &*2 &% .$+*$' %$" > &% $*> '2 &$2 '> ' 3(& $"?$
'22"--"D'.+%<$./"=*'%D*$"?$>&">(&H$I.$+*$'(*"$2"%F&%+&%.$."$D"G%."G%$B&#C&(&)$'%D$G"=(D$3&$
-"#&$'..#'2.+F&$."$./&$D"G%."G%$2"--=%+.);$B&#C&(&)$[+</$L2/""($*.=D&%.*;$'%D$>=3(+2$.#'%*+.$
#+D&#*H$J/&*&$'DF'%.'<&*$-')$"F"-&$#&(=2.'%2&$."$/"(D$('#<&$<'./&#+%<*$'G')$?#"-$2&%.#'($
2'->=*H$$
$
J/&$*&2"%D$+*$./'.$./&$2'->=*$#&.'+%$@>>&#$L>#"=($'*$'$?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"%&;$3=.$2/'%<&$+.*$*&2"%D$?#&&$
*>&&2/$Q"%&$?#"-$O"G &#$L>#"= ($U('Q'$."$N&*.$A#&*2&% .H$I%$./+*$*2&%'#+";$O"G&#$L>#"= ($G"=(D$3&$
-'D&$*=3R&2.$."$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2);$#&D=2+%<$./&$(+C&(+/""D$./'.$3=+(D+%<*$3"#D&#+%<$O"G&#$
L>#"=($G"=(D$3&$'??&2.&D$3)$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$-'R"#$&F&%.*H$$
$
I%$&+./&#$*2&%'# +";$+?$=*+%<$@ >> &# $'%D n" #$O"G&#$L>#"= ($U('Q' $#&W=+#&*$*&2=#+.)$-&'*= #&*$./'.$
*+<%+?+2'%.()$D+*#=>.$@%+F&#*+.)$3=*+%&**;$2'->=*$'D- +%+*.#'.+"%$*/"=(D$=*&$./&$(&<'($-& '%*$'.$+.*$
D+*>"*'($."$D+#&2.$./&$&F&%.$."$N&*.$A#&*2&%.H$!"#$&,'->(&;$+?$./&$@AUP$D&.&#-+%&*$./'.$*&2=#+.)$?"#$
'%$&F&%.$G"=(D$3("2C$&%.#'%2&*$."$"#$"./&#G+*&$+%.&#?&#&$G +./$./&$?("G $"?$> &D&* .#+'%$.#' ??+2$+%."$'%D $
"=.$"?$L>#"=($U('Q';$./&$&F&%.$*/"=(D$3&$D+#&2.&D$."$N&*.$A#&*2&%.H$$K>>#">#+'.&$'22&**$?"#$D+*'3(&D$
>&#*"%*$*/"=(D$"?$2"=#*&$3&$'**=#&DH$A'->=*$(&'D&#*/+>$*/"=(D$'(*"$G"#C$2("*&()$G+./$./&$A+.)$"?$
B&#C&(&)$'%D$&,>("#&$./&$>"**+3+(+.)$"?$2("*+%<$1,?"#D$L.#&&.$?"#$&F&%.*$'.$N&*.$A#&*2&%.H$
$
1?$(&**&#$%".&;$*+%2&$%&+./&#$+*$'$?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"%&;$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$./&$l#&&C$
J/&'.#&$3&$2"%*+D&#&D$'%$'(.&#%'.+F&$*+.&$?"#$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*$*2/&D=(&D$?"#$N/&&(&#$
['((H$
$
U"(+2&$U#&*&%2&$
J/&$L&>.&-3&#$4567$'>>&'#'%2&*$3)$B&%$L/'>+#"$'%D$8+("$k+'%%">"=("*$"22=##&D$(+..(&$-"#&$./'%$
'$-"%./$'?.&#$'$%&"Yf'Q+$#'(()$%&'#$./&$@%+F&#*+.)$"?$o+#<+%+'$2'->=*$+%$A/'#("..&*F+((&;$o+#<+%+'$
#&*=(.&D$+%$./&$D&'./$"?$'$>&'2&?=($2"=%.&# YD&- "%*.#'."#;$[&'./&#$[&)&#H$8*H$[&)&#$G'*$C+((&D$3)$'$
G/+.&$*=>#&-'2+*.$G/"$D#"F&$/+*$2'#$+%."$'$2#"GDH$l+F&%$./&$G+D&*>#&'D$C%"G(&D<&$"?$./+*$.#'<&D);$
'%D$>#&F+"=*$+%*.'%2&*$"?$F+"(&%2&$'**"2+'.&D$G+./$k+'%%">"=("*E*$'>>&'#'%2&*;$./&$@AUP$G"=(D$
/'F&$3&&%$#&2C(&**$/'D$+.$%".$3'##+2'D&D$L>#"=($U('Q'$'%D$+%F+.&D$/=%D#&D*$"?$>"(+2&$?#"-$"./&#$
R=#+*D+2.+" % *$." $' ** +*. $+%$> #" . &2 .+% < $*> & 'C & #* ;$./& $*> & ' C &# *E$'= D +& % 2& ;$'% D $D &-"%*. #' ." #* H$$
!"#.=%'.&();$%&+./&#$&F&%.$#&*=(.&D$+%$*+<%+?+2'%.$+%R=#)$"#$>#">&#.)$D'-'<&H$
$
!"#$-'%)$*.'??$'%D$*.=D&%.*$+%$"#$%&'#$L>#"=($U('Q';$/"G&F&#;$./&$>"(+2&$>#&*&%2&$G'*$+%.+-+D'.+%<$
'%D$'(+&%'.+%<H$J/"*&$?#"-$2"--=%+.+&*$G+./$/+*."#+2'(()$>""#$#&('.+"%*/+>*$G+./$./&$>"(+2&$G&#&$
&*>&2+'(()$'??&2.& D H$1 %& $3 (' 2C $*. '??$-&-3 & #$" 3 *& #F & D $./ '. $\> " (+2+% < $D" & *% E.$+% / & #& %. () $- & '% $* '?& .) H$
I$*'G$2"--=%+2'.+"% $./' .$./+*$&F& %.$G ' *$<" "D$3 &2' =* &$+.$G '*$*'?& ;$3=.$./& $- "*.$= %*' ?&$I$?&(.$G '*$"% $
./+*$2'->=*$/ 'F+% <$."$G '(C $/"- & $'.$%+</ .;$G'(C +%< $D"G % $B'% 2#"?.;$- +(+. '#+Q & D$> " (+2& $"??+2 &# *$
&F&#)G/&#&;$G'(C+%<$D"G%$./&$-+DD(&$"?$./&$*.#&&.$.#)+%<$."$<&.$."$-)$2'#;$'%D$'.$./'.$-"-&%.$IE-$
(+C&;$I$G+*/$I$/' D $- ) $*.' ??$IP $+%$-)$/'% D;$3 =. $IE- $% ".$< "+% < $."$> = .$- ) $/' % D $+%$- ) $> "2 C& .$3 &2 '= *& $IE- $
10
?&'#+%<$G / ' .$./ &) $- +< / .$./+%C$IE-$<"+%<$+%."$-)$>"2C&.$?"#H_
6X
$K%D$-&-3&#*$"?$/+*."#+2'(()$
">>#&**&D$2"--=%+.+&*$G&#&%E.$./&$"%()$"%&*$=>*&.$3)$./&$/&'F)$>"(+2&$>#&*&%2&H$K$*.'??$-&-3&#$
3"#%$'%D$#'+*&D$+%$I#'%$%".&D$./'.$./&$-+(+.'#+Q'.+"%$"?$./&$2'->=*$&F"C&D$-&-"#+&*$"?$/&#$
2/+(D/""D;$\G/&#&$G&$/'D$2=#?&G*$'.$%+</.;$'%D$./&#&$G&#&$'(G')*$>"(+2&$?"#2&*$>#&*&%.$&F&#)$.+-&$
)"=$G&%.$."$*2/""(;$)"=$G&%.$"=.$."$<"$<#"2&#)$*/">>+%<H_$J/&$>#&*&%2&$"?$*"$-'%)$"??+2&#*$-'D&$
/&#$?&&($\2"%?+%&D$'%D$=%2"-?"#.'3(&$+%$-)$*C+%H_
6b
$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"<%+Q&*$./'.$./&$@AUP $/'*$'%$"3(+<'.+"% $."$>#&*&#F&$./&$>/ )*+2'($*'?&.)$"?$
&F&#)"%&$"%$2'->=*;$G/+2/$-')$*"-&.+-&*$#&W=+#&$'$*/"G$"?$?"#2&H$f"%&./&(&**;$./&$A"--+**+"%$
#&2"--&% D*$./'.$./&$2'- > =*$.'C&$*.&> *$."$-'C &$./&$>"(+2&$'$(&**$+%.+-+D'.+%<$>#& *&%2&$'.$
2"%.#"F&#*+'($&F&%.*H$L.&>*$./'.$-+</.$3&$.'C&%$."G'#D$./+*$&%D$+%2(=D&$+%2#&'*+%<$./&$@AUPE*$%"%Y
=%+?"#-&D$>#&*&%2&;$+H&H$=*+%<$-"#&$>('+%2("./&*$"??+2&#*;$'%D$'(("G+%<$*.=D&%.*$."$'2.$'*$*'?&.)$
-"%+."#*$G+./$./&$-&'%*$."$+--&D+'.&()$#&>"#.$>".&%.+'($.#"=3(&$."$?+#*.$#&*>"% D&#* H$
$
V&-+%D+%<$f"%YP&>'#.-&%.'($["*.*$"?$J/&+#$13(+<'.+"%*$."$./&$A"--=%+.)$
K*$%".&D$&'#(+&#;$V&<+*.&#&D$L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*$#&*&#F&D$-"#&$./'%$66;555$*>'2&*$"%$2'->=*$+%$
!'(($4567;$"%()$.G"$?"#$&F&%.*$./'.$D+*#=>.&D$./&$2'->=*H$VL1*$#&>#&*&%.$F+.'($2"--=%+.+&*$"?$
+%.&#&*.$' .$B & #C & (&) ;$'% D $./ & $A" --+** +" %$?" = % D $./ '. $./ &+# $2" % .#+3 = . +" %* $." $2' ->=*$(+?& $'# &$
"F&#G/&(-+%<()$>"*+.+F&H$J/&$2'->=*$*/"=(D$3&$G'#)$"?$=%D&#.'C+%<$2/'%<&*$."$>#"2&D=#&*$./'.$
G"=(D$D+*#=>.$./&*&$F'(='3(&$'2.+F+.+&*H$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$?=(()$&%D"#*&*$./&$D+*.+%2.+"%$+->(+2+.$+%$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$3&.G&&%$"=.*+D&$
*>&'C&#*$+%F+.&D$."$2'->=*$3)$VL 1*$'% D$"=.*+D&$*>&'C &#*$G/" $-'C &$./&+#$"G%$'##' %<&- &% .*$."$
#&%.$2'->=*$?'2+(+.+&*H$SF&%.*$"?$./&$?"#-&#$C+%D$D& *&#F&$*>& 2+'($>#".&2.+"% $3)$./&$2'- >= *;$+%*"?'#$
'*$./&)$#&*=(.$?#"-$./&$&,+*&$"?$./&$#+</.*$"?$'=./"#+Q&D$-&-3&#*$"?$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$."$
&%<'<&$+%$>"(+.+2'($'%D$"./&#$*>&&2/H$$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$2"%*+D&#&D$G/&./&#$2"%D+.+"%*$-+</.$3&$+->"*&D$"%$VL1*$3&?"#&$./&)$'#&$
'=./"#+Q&D$."$+%F+.&$"=.*+D&$*>&'C&#*$=%D&#$2'->=*$>"(+2+&*;$+%2(=D+%<$'%$+%2#&'*&$+%$./&$%=-3&#$"?$
-&-3&#*$'%$VL1$-=*.$/'F&$."$&,.&%D$*=2/$+%F+.'.+"%*;$"#$'$#&W=+#&-&%.$./'.$./&)$3&$+%$'2.+F&$
&,+*.&%2&$?"#$'$-+%+-=-$>&#+"D$3&?"#&$./&)$'#&$'(("G&D$."$*>"%*"#$"=.*+D&$*>&'C&#*H$B=.$+.$W=+2C()$
3&2'-&$2(&'#$./'.$-&'*=#&*$"?$./+*$C+%D$G"=(D$3&$&,.#&-&()$D+*#=>.+F&$."$./&$/&'(./)$&2"*)*.&-$"?$
VL1Y*>"%*"#&D$'2.+F+.)$"%$2'- >=*H$
$
J/&*&$2"%*+D&#'.+"%*$>&#*='D&D$./&$A"--+**+"%$./'.$VL1*$./&-*&(F&*$D"$%".$%&&D$2/'%<+%<H$B=.$
./&#&$'#&$%&F&#./ &(&**$*" - &$># "2&D =#' ($- &'*= #&* $./'.$2"= (D$/& (>$."$2('# +?)$./&$#&*> "% *+3+(+.+&*$./'.$
VL1*$'**=-&$G/&%$./&)$+%F+.&$"=.*+D&$*>&'C&#*;$'%D$3&..&#$>#&>'#&$./&$2'->=*$?"#$>".&%.+'(()$
D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*$./'.$./&)$/"*.H$L>&2+?+2'(();$./&$A"--+**+"%$3&(+&F&*$'%$VL1$"#$"./&#$%"%Y
D&>'#.-&%.'($/"*.$G+*/+%<$."$*.'<&$'$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.$*/"=(D$3&$'*C&D$."$D"$./&$
?"(("G+%< $' *$'$G')$"?$&% < '< +% <$G+./$./&$(' #< &# $2' - > = *$2 "--=% +.) M$
$
6H K**=-&$?=(($"#<'%+Q'.+"%'(;$2"%.#'2.='(;$'%D$*=>&#F+*"#)$#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$./#"=</"=.$./&$
>('%%+%<$>#"2&**$'%D$3&$'3(&$."$'%*G&#$'%)$W=&*.+"%*$'3"=.$./&$&F&%.;$&F&%$+?$?=%D+%<$
2"-&*$('#<&()$?#"-$"=.*+D&$*"=#2&*H$
$
4H ['F&$F"(=%.&&#*$?#"-$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$'**+*.$'.$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.*$./&)$
*>"%*"#;$+%$'$#'.+"$"?$"%&$F"(=%.&&#$> &#$d5 $&,> &2.&D $>'# .+2+>'% .*H$
13
See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3duS4q26zQc at 48:00.
14
See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3duS4q26zQc at 18:00.
11
$
XH L=3-+.$'$>=3(+2$*.'.&-&%.$+%$*=>>"#.$"?$&F&%.*$./'.$#&W=+#&$'DD+.+"%'($*&2=#+.);$'DD#&**+%<$
0':$./&$#'.+"%'(&$?"#$./&$&F&%.;$03:$G/ '.$%&G $>& #*>& 2.+F&*$./&$&F& %.$G +(($3#+%<$."$D+*2=* *+"%$
"%$2'->=*;$'%D$02:$/"G$./&$&F&%.$+*$2"%*+*.&%.$G+./$B&#C&(&)E*$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.)H$$
$
8&'*=#&*$06:$'%D$04:$'#&$-&'%.$."$&%*=#&$./'.$&F&%.*$'#&$<&%=+%&()$*>"%*"#&D$3)$VL1*;$'%D$./'.$
./&#&$+*$'$(&F&($"?$+%.&#&*.$+%$'%D$2" - - +.- &% .$."$./&-$2"-- & %*= #'.& $G+./$./ &+#$'%.+2+> '.&D$*2">&H$
8&'*=#&$0X:$+*$+%.&%D&D$."$?=%2.+"%$'*$'$-"D&*.$#&-+%D&#$."$VL1*$"?$./&+#$#&*>"%*+3+(+.+&*$+%$
"#<'%+Q+%<$&F&%.*$./'.$?&'.=#&$"=.*+D&$*>&'C&#*H$K*$-&-3&#*$"?$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.);$./&)$/'F&$
&,>(+2+.$"3(+<'.+"%*;$=%D&#$./&$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.);$."$&%*=#&$./'.$&F&%.*$.'C&$>('2&$+%$G')*$
./'.$'#&$2"%*+*.&%.$G +./$./ &$2"- -+.-&%.$."$'$2(+- ' .&$"?$+%2(= *+"%$'% D$- = .=' ($#&*>& 2.H$O&**$
&,>(+2+.();$G/&%$&F&%.*$?'(($=%D&#$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$>"(+2);$'%D$/&%2&$/'F&$./&$>".&%.+'($."$+->"*&$
*+<%+?+2'%.$2"*.*$"%$./&$2'->=*;$./&$A"--+**+"%$?&&(*$./'.$VL1*$"G&$./&$#&*.$"?$./&$2'->=*$'$3#+&?$
>=3(+2$&,>('%'.+"%$"?$G/'.$./&)$/">&$."$<'+%$?#"-$/"*.+%<$./&$&F&%.H$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$+*$&->/'.+2$./'.$./&*&$"3(+<'.+"%*$-=*.$3&$+->"*&D$"%$'$F+&G>"+%.Y$'%D$2"%.&%.Y
%&=.#'($3'*+*H$I%$>'#.+2=('#;$+.$+*$%".$./&$A"--+**+"%E*$+%.&%.+"%$./'.$./&$>=3(+2$*.'.&-&%.$#&W=+#&D$
=%D&#$-&'*=#&$0X:$3&$"??+2+'(()$F&..&D$"#$#&F+&G&D;$-=2/$(&**$./'.$+.$3&$=*&D$'*$'$3'*+*$?"#$
D&.&#-+%+%<$G/&./&#$./&$>('%%&D$&F&%.$-')$<"$?"#G'#DH$J/&$+D&';$#'./&#;$+*$./'.$./&$*>"%*"#+%< $
VL1$>#"F+D&$'$3#+&?$'22"=%.$"?$./&$F'(=&$+.$*&&*$+%$/'F+%<$./&$+%F+.&D$*>&'C&#$F+*+.$2'->=*;$'%D$"?$+.*$
>('%*$?"#$&%*=#+%<$./'.$./&$&F&%.$G+(($<"$?"#G'#D$+%$'$G')$./'.$'2C%"G(&D<&*$./&$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$
A"--=%+.)H$J/&$*.'.&-&%.;$"%2&$*=3-+..&D;$G+(($3&$>"*.&D$."$'$>=3(+2$G&3*+.&;$G/&#&$+.$2'%$3&$#&'D$
3)$'%)"%&$+%.&#&*.&D$+%$=%D&#*.'%D+%<$./&$VL1E*$+%.&%.+"%*$?"#$./&$>('%%&D$&F&%.H$
$
I->#"F&D $A" - - = %+2' .+"% $'3" =.$P +*#= >.+F& $SF &% .* $
1%&$'DF'%.'<&$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)$*/"=(D$<+F&$./&$2'->=*$+*$'DD+.+"%'($.+- & $." $?" #-=('.& $'$
*'?&.)$>('%$'%D$."$*/'#&$+.$G+./$./&$2'->=*$2"- - =%+.)H$L&F&#'($G+.%&**& *$'.$./&$m'%='#)$6`$">& %$
2"--&%.$*&**+"%$&,>#&**&D$?#=*.#'.+"%$'3"=.$*&2=#+.)$-&'*=#&*$.'C&%$+%$!'(($4567;$2"--&%.+%<$
./'.$./&)$G&#&$(&?.$+%$./& $D'#C $'3" =.$G / )$2&#.'+%$*&2=#+.)Y#&('.& D$*.&>*$G &#&$.'C& %$'%D $G/) $*.'??$
G&#&$%".$+%2(=D&D$+%$*&2=#+.)$>('%%+%<H
6d
$O'2C+%<$2(&'#$+%*.#=2.+"%*$"#$&F&%$'$*&%*&$"?$G/'.$./&$
2'->=*$'+-&D$."$'2/+&F&;$./&*&$*.'??$-&-3&#*$D+D$./&+#$3&*.$."$C&&>$./&+#$*.=D&%.*$*'?&;$3=.$2"=(D$
%".$3&$2&#.'+%$./'.$./&)$G&#&$<+F+%<$./&+#$2'->=*$2(+&%.*$'22=#'.&$*'?&.)$'DF+2&H$
$
S??&2.+F&$2"--=%+2'.+"%$*.'#.*$?#"-$./&$.">H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$'*$'$>".&%.+'(()$
D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.$%&'#*;$'%D$+%$2"%*=(.'.+"%$G+./$./&$@AUP;$*&%+"#$(&'D&#*/+>$+%2#&'*&$
2"--=%+2'.+"%$'3"=.$./&$*.&>*$?'2=(.);$*.'??;$'%D$*.=D&%.*$2'%$.'C&$."$>#".&2.$./&-*&(F&*H$L=2/$
2"--=%+2'.+"%$*/"=(D$'%*G&#$./&$?"(("G+%<$W=&*.+"%*M$
$
● 8')$+%*.#=2."#*$2'%2&($2('**&*$G+./"=.$>&%'(.)g$
● 8')$*.=D&%.*$*C+>$2('**&*$"#$"./&#$2'->=*$'>>"+%.-&%.*$G+./"=.$>&%'(.) g$
● 8')$*.'??$(&'F&$./&+#$>"*.*$+?$./&)$?&&($./#&'.&%&Dg$
● I?$%".;$G/'.$'#&$./& +#$'(.&#% '.+F &*g $
$
!=#./&#c'%D$>&#/'>*$*&>'#'.&()c3&?"#&$'$>".&%.+'(()$D+*#=>.+F&$&F&%.;$*&%+"#$(&'D&#*/+>$*/"=(D$
*.'.&$("=D();$2(&'#();$'%D$-"#&$./'%$"%2&$./'.$+.$D+*'>>#"F&*$"?$+%.&%.+"%'($>#"F"2'.+"%$"%$./&$"%&$
/'%D;$'%D$F+"(&%2&$'%D$>('.?"#-YD&%)+%<$"%$./&$"./&#H$$
$
15
For example, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3duS4q26zQc at 42:30.
12
8"#&$<&%&#'(();$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$./&$2'->=*$.#'+%$'%D$&%2"=#'<&$*=>&#F+*"#*$$."$
3&..&#$2"--=%+2'.&$."$*.'??$'%D$*.=D&%.*$'??&2.&D$3)$%&'#3)$>#"F"2'.+F&$&F&%.*H$J/&$2'->=*$
*/"=(D$'(*"$D&F&(">$-&2/'% +*-*$?"#$*=>> "#.+%<$- &- 3&#*$"?$./&$2'- >=*$2"- - = %+.)$D",,&D $"#$
"./&#G+*&$./#&'.&%&D$'*$'$2"%*&W=&%2&$"?$./&+#$('G?=($>'#.+2+>'.+"%$+%$"#$">>"*+.+"%$."$'$
>#"F"2'.+F&$&F&%.H$
$
A"=%.&#>#"<#'--+%<$P=#+%<$P+*#=>.+F&$SF&% .*$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$&%2"=#'<&*$./&$KD-+%+*.#'.+"%$."$G"#C$G+./$"./&#$2'->=*$2"%*.+.=&%2+&*$."$
*>"%*"#$2"=%.&#>#"<#' - - +%<$G/ &%$&*>&2+'(()$2"%.#"F &#*+'($&F&%.*$./#&'.&%$."$2'=*&$- 'R"#$
D+*#=>.+"%H$J/&$2'->=*$#+</.()$*&%.$*&F&#'($"??+2+'($-&**'<&*$."$*.=D&%.*;$?'2=(.);$'%D $*.'??$D=#+% <$
./&$&F&%.*$"?$!'(($456 7;$D+#&2.+%< $./&- $." $./&$- '% )$F' (='3 (&$2' - >= *$#&*" =#2& *$?"#$D&' (+%<$G +./$./& $
.#'=-'$'% D$D+*.#& **$./'.$2' %$3 &$2'= *&D$3 )$/' .&?=($'% D$&, 2(=*+" %'# )$D+*2" =#*& H$B=.$- &* *'<& *$"?$./+*$
C+%D$-')$+#"%+2'(()$/'F&$>(')&D$+%."$./&$/'%D*$"?$./&$/"*.+(&$*>&'C&#*$G/"$G&#&$+%F+.&D$."$2'->=*;$
3)$&%2"=#'<+%<$-&-3&#*$"?$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$."$./+%C$"?$./&-*&(F&*$>#+-'#+()$'*$F+2.+-*$
#'./&#$./'%$'<&%.*H$J/&$A"- - +**+"%$D"& *$%".$D&%) $./'.$/'.&$*>&& 2/$2'%$+- >"*& $*&#+"=*$/'#-*$"%$
+.*$.'#<&.* ;$'% D $./ &$/ ' #-$+*$"%() $&, '2 & #3 ' .& D$G/&%$./ & $*> & & 2/ $+*$' ((" G&D$."$.' C &$> (' 2 &$G+./+%$./ &$
3"=%D'#+&*$"?$*/'#&D$2"--=%+.)$*>'2&H$K.$./&$*'-&$.+-&;$./&$2'->=*$+*$>'#.$"?$'$('#<&#$>"(+.+2'($
2=(.=#&$?+((&D$G+./$D+*.=#3+%<$'%D$/'.&?=($#/&."#+2$0&*>&2+'(()$"%$./&$*"2+'($-& D+'$./'.$/' F&$2"- & $."$
D&?+%&$./&$&,>&#+&%2&$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/$+%$./&$2"%.&->"#'#)$G"#(D:H$J/&$2'->=*$*/"=(D$&%2"=#'<&$
-&-3&#*$"?$./&$2"--=%+.)$."$?=%2.+"%$+%$./+*$&%F+#"%-&%.$G+./$'$*&%*&$"?$*&(?Y2"%?+D&%2&$'%D$
'<&%2)H$
$
J"$./+*$&%D;$./&$A"--+* * +" %$*=<< & * . * $./ ' . $. / & $KD-+ % +* . #' . +" %$#&*> " % D$."$./& $-"*. $D +* . = # 3 +%<$
&F&%.*$>('%%&D$?"#$./&$2'->=*$3)$*>"%*"#+%<$'(.&#%'.+F&$&F&%.*;$>&#/'>*$*2/&D=(&D$'.$./&$*'-&$
.+-&;$./'.$'+-$."$&- > "G &# $>'#.+2+> '%.* ;$3)$/&(> +%<$./& - $."$=% D&# *.'% D$2= ##&% .$&F&%.*$3&..&#$'%D$."$
.'C&$2"%*.#=2 .+F&$*.&> *$."$2"= %.& #$./&$?"#2 &*$./'.$G " =(D$*& &C$." $&,2(= D&$'% D$D& %+<#' .&$./& - H$K$
.&'2/Y+%$G+./$("2' ($#& > #& *& % .' .+F & *$" ?$./ &$L " = ./ & #% $U" F & #.) $O 'G$A&%.& #$& (* &G/&#&$" % $2' ->=*;$?" #$
+%*.'%2& ;$- +< / .$3 & $'% $&??& 2 .+F &$2 "= % . &# $." $2& (& 3#+.)$/'.&$*>&&2/$3)$+%D+F+D='(*$'**"2+'.&D$G+./$./&$
D+*.=#3+%<$#&*=#<&%2&$"?$G/+.&$*=>#&-'2+*-H$J/&$A/'%2&(("#$/&#*&(?;$'%D$"./&#$2'->=*$(&'D&#*;$
2"=(D$&,+*&$./&+#$"G%$?#&&$*>&&2/$#+</.*$3)$*>&'C+%<$"=.$?"#2&?=(()$'<'+%*.$/'.&$*>&&2/$"%$
2'->=*;$'%D$&%2"=#'<+%<$>'#.+2+>'.+"%$+%$&F&%.*$>#"<#'--&D$."$2"=%.&#$*=2/$*>&&2/H$
$
!+%'%2+'($A"*.*$
L&2=#+.)$?"#$./&$L&>.&-3&#$4567$L/'>+#"$'%D$k+'%%">"=("*$F+*+.*$2"*.$./&$2'->=*$%&'#()$eb$
-+((+"%H
6a
$$J/+*$+*$%".$*=*.'+%'3(&;$&*>&2+'(()$?"#$'$2'->=*$+%$./&$./#"&*$"?$&(+-+%'.+%<$'$e6d 5 p $
-+((+"%$D&?+2+.H$
$
J/&$B&#C&(&)$2'->=*$+*$'$(+</.%+%<$#"D$?"#$?#&&$*>&&2/$+**=&*$'%D$./&#&?"#&$2'##+&*$./&$3=#D&%$"?$
>#".&2.+%<$./&$!+#*.$K-&%D-&%.$?"#$./&$L.'.&$"?$A'(+?"#%+'$'%D$?"#$>=3(+2$=%+F&#*+.+&*$'2#"**$./&$
%'.+"%H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$./'%C*$./&$1??+2&$"?$./&$U#&*+D&%.$?"#$./&$<&%&#"=*$?+%'%2+'($*=>>"#.$+.$
>#"F+D&D$+%$!'(($4567;$3=.$#&'(+Q&*$./'.$./&$@%+F&#*+.)$-')$%".$3&$'3(&$."$>#"F+D&$*=>>"#.$?"#$?=.=#&$
&F&%.*H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$./&#&?"#&$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$@A$B&#C&(&);$+D&'(()$+%$2"%2&#.$G+./$J/&$
V&<&%.*;$'*C$./&$L.'.&$"?$A'(+?"#%+'$."$?+%'%2+'(()$*=>>"#.$./&$@A$*)*.&-E*$&??"#.*$."$>#".&2.$./&$?#&&$
*>&&2/$#+</.*$"?$'(($2+.+Q&%*H$$
$
K%"./&#$>"**+3(&$2"=#*&$"?$'2.+"%$+*$."$#&?=*&$#&W=&*.*$3)$VL1*$."$*>"%*"#$"=.*+D&$*>&'C&#*$"%$
2'->=*$G/&%$./&$'%.+2+>'.& D$2"* .$"?$>#".& 2.+%< $./&- $&, 2&&D *$'$*>& 2+?+&D$./#&* /"(D H$A/&- &# +%*C )$
'%D$l+((-'%$%".&$./'.$2'->=*&*$-')$D&%)$\#&W=&*.*$?"#$<'./&#+%<*$./'.$>#&*&%.$+%*=#-"=%.'3(&$
16
http://www.dailycal.org/2018/02/04/uc-berkeley-split-4m-cost-free-speech-events-uc-office-president/
13
("<+*.+2'($"#$*& 2= #+.) $2/ ' ((&% <& *;$or$if$accommodating$such$challenges$would$impose$costs$above$a$
generally$applied$threshold._
67
$0I.'(+2*$"=#*H:$1%&$G') $."$">&#' .+"%' (+Q&$*=2/$'$>" (+2)$G" =(D$3 &$."$*&.$
'$.".'($*=-$./'.$./&$2'->=*$+*$G+((+%<$."$&,>&%D$+%$'$<+F&%$'2'D&-+2$)&'#$."$>#"F+D&$*&2=#+.)$?"#$
&F&%.*$*>"%*"#&D$3)$VL1*;$'%D$."$D&%)$'(($#&W=&*.*$."$*>"%*"#$&F&%.*$"%2&$./+*$\<&%&#'(()$'>>(+&D$
./#&*/"(D_$+*$&,2&&D &DH$J/ &$W= &*.+"% $+*M$/"G $/+</$G "= (D$./+*$./#& */" (D$3&g $I*$eb$- +((+"%$&% "= </g $
N"=(D$eb5$-+((+"%$3&$&%"=</g$$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$+*$D+F+D&D$'3"=.$G/&./&#$."$#&2"--&%D$&*.'3(+*/+%<$'$2'>$"%$*&2=#+.)$2"*.*$'%D$
D&?&%D+%<$G/'.&F&#$(+.+<'.+"%$?"(("G*H$1%$./&$"%&$/'%D;$./&$2'->=*$*/"=(D$%".$/'F&$."$&,>&%D$
*2'#2&$#&*"=#2&*$."$>#".&2.$2&(&3#+.)$>#"F"2'.&=#*$*&&C+%< $."$>#"- ".&$./&+#$3#'%D$0'%D ;$+%$*"-&$
2'*&*;$."$2'*.$'*>&#*+"%*$"%$/+</&#$&D=2'.+"%:$G/&%$*"$-'%)$&**&%.+'($%& &D*$<" $=%?= %D &D$"#$
=%D&#?=%D&DH$1%$./&$"./&#$/'%D;$A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$'#&$'G'#&$./'.$./&$2"=#.*$'#&$(+C&()$."$#=(&$
'<'+%*.$>=3(+2$&%.+.+&*$*&&C+%<$."$(+-+.$?#&&$*>&&2/;$'%D$'%)$2'>$"%$&,>&%*&*$./&$2'->=*$*&.*$-+</.$
*&&-$'#3+.#'#)$+%$./ & $2" % .& ,. $"?$./ & $2' ->=*E*$" > & #' .+% < $3= D < & .$0e 4 H7$3 +((+" % :$' % D $./ &$@ % +F &# *+. )$" ?$
A'(+?"#%+'E*$2"%*+D&#'3()$<#&'.&#$#&*"=#2&*H$SF&%$+?$./&$2'->=*$G&#&$."$*=22&&D;$'$2'>$"%$*&2=#+.)$
2"*.*$-+</.$/'F&$./&$=%+%.&%D&D$2"%*&W=&%2&$"?$>#&2(=D+%<$&F&%.*$./'.$2"%.#+3=.&$."$*2/"('#()$
D+*2"=#*&$+?$./&$>#&*2#+3&D$2"*.$(+-+.$/'*$3&&%$#&'2/&DH$J/&$A"--+**+"%$*=<<&*.*$?=#./&#$
&,>("#'.+"%$"?$./+*$W=&*.+"%H$
$
P'.'$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$+*$*'.+*?+&D$G+./$./&$W='(+.'.+F&$D'.'$<'./&#&D$?"#$./+*$#&>"#.H$I%$'DD+.+"%$."$?"=#$
/"=#*$"?$">&%$2"--&%.$?#"-$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$'%D$'$%=-3&#$"?$G#+..&%$2"--&%.*$0*"-&$
*&F&#'($>'<&*$("%<:$*&%.$."$./&$A"-- +**+"%E*$&-'+($'DD#&**$0=23>"(+2)q3&#C&(&)H&D=:;$./&$
A"--+**+"%$#&2&+F&D$+%>=.$?#"-$./&$A+.)$"?$B&#C&(&)$'%D$.G"$C&)$K2'D&-+2$L&%'.&$2"--+..&&*H$
8&-3&#*$'(*"$3#"=</.$+%*+</.*$?#"-$./&+#$#&*>&2.+F&$2'->=*$2"%*.+.=&%2+&*;$'%D$*+%2&$./&$
A"--+**+"%$G'*$&W='(()$D+F+D&D$'-"%<$?'2=(.);$*.'??;$'%D$*.=D&%.*;$D+*2=**+"%*$#&?(&2.&D$'$3#"'D$
#'%<&$"?$2'->=*$>&#*>&2.+F&*H$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$+*$%".$*'.+*?+&D;$/"G&F&#;$G+./$./&$W='%.+.'.+F&$D'.'$<'./&#&D$?"#$./+*$#&>"#.H$
P&*>+.&$'$2"%2&#.&D$&??"#.$3)$8&-3&#$l"DD=;$+.$>#"F&D$+->"**+3(&$."$2"%D=2.$'$#'%D"-$*=#F&)$"?$
*.=D&%.*$+%$'$.+-&()$-'%%&#H$J/&$A"- - +**+"%$G'*$?"#.=%'.&$."$#&2&+F&$D'.'$?#"-$./&$1??+2&$"?$
U('%%+%<$h$K%'()*+*$#&<'#D+%<$./&$'..+.=D&*$"?$+%2"-+%<$*.=D&%.*$."G'#D$?#&&$*>&&2/H$$
$
I.$#&-'+%*$=% C% "G % $G /& ./& #$./& $W= '(+.'.+F& $D'.' $'22 =#' .&()$#& ?(&2.$G +D& #$2'->=*$*&%.+-&%.H$J/&$
A"--+**+"%$=%D&#*.'%D*$./'.$P&'%$[&%#)$B#'D)$"?$./&$L2/""($"?$U=3(+2$U"(+2)$'%D$U#"?&**"#$O+*'$
l'#2+'$B&D"(('$"?$./&$L2/""($"?$SD=2'.+"%$'#&$D&F&(">+%<$'$*2+&%.+?+2$>"(($"?$B&#C&(&)$*.=D&%.*$./'.$
G+(($'**&**$'..+.=D&*;$>&>.+"%*;$'%D$C%"G(&D<&$'3"=.$?#&&$*>&&2/H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$
./'.$2'->= *$(&'D &#*/ +>$*=> >" #.$./+*$=% D&#.' C+% <;$*>"% *"# $?=#./&# $>"((*$."$D& .&#- +% &$?'2= (.)$'%D $
*.'??$'..+.=D&*$."G'#D$?#&&$*>&&2/;$'%D$2"%D=2.$?"(("GY=>$*=#F&)*$"F&#$./&$%&,.$?&G$)&'#*$."$'**&**$
G/&./&#$2'->=*$'..+.=D&*$."G'#D$?#&&$*>&&2/$'#&$2/'%<+%<;$'%D$+?$*";$/"GH$
$
A'->=*G+D&$SF&%.*$P'.'3'*&$
J/&$A"--+**+"%c'(./"=</$'G'#&$./'.$./&$2'->=*$+*$2=##&%.()$W=+.&$(+-+.&D$+%$+.*$#&*"=#2&*c
#&2"--&% D*$./'.$'$2&%.#' (+Q&D$&F&% .$>('%%+%< $'%D$*=> >"#.$*)*.&- $3&$+- >(&- &% .&D;$>#+%2+>'(()$
./#"=</$'$2'- > =*YG+D&$&F&%.$D'.'3'*&H$@><# 'D+% <$./&$*) *.&- *$= *&D$3 )$K L@ A$SF &%.$L &#F+2& *$'%D $
A('**#""-$L2/&D=(+%<$G"=(D$3&$'$?+#*.$*.&>;$3=.$&F&%.='(()$./&$2'->=*$*/"=(D$.'2C(&$./&$
2"->(+2'.&D$.'*C$"?$+%2"#>"#'.+%<$'(($2'->=*$&F&%.$*>'2&$+%."$*=2/$'$D'.'3'*&H$
$
17
Chemerinsky and Gillman, p. 128.
14
L=>>"#.+%<$'$!#&&$L>&&2/$A=(.=#&$$
!+%'(();$./&$A"--+**+"%$&%2"=#'<&*$./&$KD-+%+*.#'.+"%$."$2"%.+%=&$./&$*.&>*$./'.$/'F&$'(#&'D)$
3&&%$=%D&#.'C&%$."$%=#.=#&$'$2=(.=#&$"?$#&'*"%&D$&%<'<&-&%.$G+./$'$G+D&$#'%<&$"?$>"(+.+2'($'%D$
+D&"("< +2' ($F+& G>"+% .*H$J / & $- " *. $*+< % +?+2' % .$- " D & ($+% $./ +*$2"%% &2.+"%$+*$$./&$*&#+&*$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/$
&F&%.*$*>"%*"#&D$3)$./&$A/'%2&(("#$D=#+%<$'2'D&-+2$)&'#$4567Y69H$!"#$+%*.'%2&;$"%$8'#2/$45;$
4569;$U#"?&**"#$V"3&#.$V&+2/$'%D$[&#+.'<&$!"=%D'.+"%$?&(("G$L.&>/&%$8""#&;$(+3&#'($'%D$
2"%*&#F'.+F&$&2"%"-+*.*;$D&3'.&D$'.$I%.&#%'.+"%'($[ "= *&$0K $A" %F &#*' .+"% $K2#" **$./& $U"(+.+2' ($
P+F+D&M$J/&$V"(&$"?$l"F&#%-&%.$+%$J#'D&;$J',&*;$'%D$I%&W='(+.):H
69
$J/&$KD-+%+*.#'.+"%$*/"=(D$*&&C$
."$3=+(D$"%$./+*$-" D&(;$- 'C +%<$/+< /Y>#"?+(&$&F&%.*$"?$./+*$C+%D$'$#&<=('#$?+,.=#&$"%$./&$2'->=*;$'%D$
+%F+.+%<$./&$2"(('3"#'.+"%$"?$*.=D&%.*;$*.'??;$'%D$?'2=(.)c+% 2(= D +% < $./ &$V L 1 * $./ '. $/' F &$* " = </ .$. "$
3#+%<$*"-&$"?$./&$-"*.$2"%.#"F&#*+'($*>&'C&#*$."$2'->=*$+%$#&2&%.$)&'#*c+%$+D&% .+?) +%< $> " .& % .+' ($
>'#.+2+>'%.*$'%D$+%$>('%%+%<$&F&%.*$./'.$G+(($3&$"?$+%.&#&*.$."$'$3#"'D$'=D+&%2&H$J/+*$*/"=(D$*&#F&$."$
*"(+D+?)$B&#C&(&)E*$#&>=.'.+"%$'*$'$2'->=*$/"*>+.'3(&$."$'$G+D&$*>& 2.#=- $"?$./"=</.$'%D $">+%+"%;$
'%D$."$>#"F+D&$'$>"*+.+F&$&,'->(&$."$"=#$*.=D&%.*$"?$2"%*.#=2.+F&$'%D$./"=</.?=($D&3'.&$3&.G&&%$
>'**+"%'.&$'DF"2'.&*$?"#$">>"*+%<$>"+%.*$"?$F+&GH$$
$
$
N[KJ$!KA@OJk$AKf$P1$
$
@A$B&#C&(&)$+*$./&$%'.+"%E*$>#&-+&#$>=3(+2$=%+F&#*+.)$('#<&()$3&2'=*&$"?$+.*$D+*.+%<=+*/&D$?'2=(.)H$
!&G$*.'??$'%D$*.=D&%.*$'#&$F&#*&D$+%$./&$%='%2&*$"?$!+#*.$K-&%D-&%.$('GH$N/"$3&..&#$."$.&'2/$
./&-g$J/&$A"- -+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$?'2=(.)$&%<'<&$G+./$*.'??;$*.=D&%.*;$'%D$"%&$'%"./&#$+%$'%$
&??"#.$."$'2W='+%.$./&$&%.+#&$@A$B&#C&(&)$2"--=%+.)$G+./$./&$?=(($-&'%+%<$"?$./&$!+#*.$
K-&%D-&%.E*$<='#'%.&&$"?$?#&&D"-$"?$*>&&2/H$K(./"=</$./+*$-+</.$%".$#&D=2&$./&$%=-3&#$"?$
>#"F"2'.+F&$&F&%.*;$+.$G+(($/&(>$*.&&#$./&$2'->=*$'G')$?#"-$*=2/$%"*.#=-*$'*$\/'.&$*>&&2/$+*$%".$
>#".&2.&D_$'%D$"./&#$?"#-=('.+"%*$=*&D$."$(&<+.+-+Q&$D&%+'($"?$'$>('.?"#-$."$*>&'C&#*$G+./$'$
>"('#+Q+%<$-&**'<&H$
$
U"(+.+2'($L2+&%2&$67`$-')$*&#F&$'*$'$=*&?=($-"D&($+%$./+*$#&<'#DH$K$"%&Y=%+.;$>'**n%"$>'**$
=%D&#<#'D='.&$2"(("W=+=-$G+./$&%#"((-&%.$+%$./&$/=%D#&D*;$U"(+L2+$67`$/'*$?"(("G&D$./&$*'-&$
>&D'<"<+2'($?"#-=('$?"#$-"#&$./'%$Xd$)&'#*M$>=.$'%$&%<'<+%<$>"(+.+2'($?+<=#&$+%$?#"%.$"?$./&$2('**;$(&.$
./'.$>"(+.+2'($?+<= # &$* > &' C ;$'% D $./ & %$' ((" G$*.=D& % .* $." $'* C$W = & *. +"% * H$A" % *& #F ' .+F &$* > &' C & #*$/ ' F& $
=*&D$U"(+L2+$67`$."$2/'((&%<&$(+3&#'($*.=D&%.*$*+%2&$'.$(&'*.$./&$l&"#<&$NH$B=*/$>#&*+D&%2)$G+./"=.$
D+*#=>.+%<$./&$2'->=*H
6`
$$
$
J/&$?'2=(.)$2'%$3=+(D$"%$./+*$-"D&($."$&D=2'.&$*.=D&%.*$'3"=.$/"G$."$D&3'.&$'%D$D+*'<#&&$
#&*>&2.?=(()Z$'3"=.$./&$/'#-*$"?$/'.&$*>&& 2/$'%D $./&$#&'*"% *$/'.&$*>&&2 /$+*$=%#&*.#+2.&DZ$'%D$'3 "=.$
./&$*"2+'($2"%.#'2.E*$># &2' #+"=*$3 =.$> #&2+"= *$3' ('%2 &$3&.G&&%$+%D+F+D= '($#+</.*$' %D$*" 2+'($
#&*>"%*+3+(+.+&*H$1??&# +% < $2 "=#*& $2# & D +. $G"=(D$+%2&%.+F+Q& $* .=D&%. * $."$'..&% D$./&* & $& D = 2 ' . +F & $?" # ' H$
A"%*+D&#'.+"%$*/"=(D$'(*"$3&$<+F&%$."$2#&'.+%<$'$(+*.$"?$2"=#*&$"??&#+%<*$'2#"**$./&$2'->=*$+%$&'2/$
*&-&*.&#$./'.$'DD#&**$./&$./&"#)$'%D$>#'2.+2&$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/H$
$
!+%'(();$?'2=(.)$*/ " =(D $% ". $"% () $3& $G +((+% < $."$?' 2+(+.' .& $"> & % $>" (+.+2' ($D +*2 "= #* &;$3 =. $."$> #" - " .& $
2"--=%+.)$F'(=&*$3)$&%<'<+%<$G+./$V&<+*.&#&D$L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*$"#$"./&#$%"%YD&>'#.-&%.'($
/"*.*$>('%%+%<$&F&%.*$./'.$-+</.$D+*#=>.$2'->=*H$J/&$3&%&?+.$"?$./+*$'>>#"'2/$G'*$D&-"%*.#'.&D$
3)$@AOK$U#"?&**"#$"?$L"2+"("<)$l'3#+&($V"**-'%;$'$>"(+.+2'($2"%*&#F'.+F&$G+./$.+&*$."$@AOKE*$
18
http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/03/21/a-friendly-chat-between-rivals-robert-reich-and-stephen-moore-on-trump-
taxes-tariffs/
19
https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/03/11_class.shtml
15
A"((&<&$V&>=3(+2'%*H$N/&%$./&$@AOK$A"((&<&$V&>=3(+2'%*$+%F+.&D$8+("$k+'%%">"=("*$."$*>&'C$+%$
!&3#='#)$4569;$U#"?&**"#$V"**-'%$*"=</.$."$D+**='D&$./&-;$G#+.+%<$+%$'%$">&%$(&..&#$./'.M$
$
J/&$-"*.$+->"#.'%.$#&'*"%$%".$."$/"*.$*=2/$'$.'(C$+*$./'.$+.$+*$&F+($"%$./&$-&#+.*H$k"=#$
2"%*2+&%2&$*/"=(D$.&(($)"=$./'.$)"=$%&F&#$G'%.$'%)./+%<$."$D"$G+./$*"-&"%&$G/"*&$&%.+#&$
2'#&&#$+*$%".$#&'*"%&D$'#<=-&%.;$3=.$*/"2C$R"2C$>&#?"#-'% 2&$'#.H$I%$./&$6`95*$
2"%*&#F'.+F&*$-'D&$?=%$"?$\'#.+*.*_$G/"$D&?&2'.&D$"%$*.'<&$?"#$./&$>=#>"*&$"?$=>*&..+%<$
2"%*&#F'.+F&*H$f"G$'>>'#&%.();$2"%*&#F'.+F&*$'#&$G+((+%<$."$&-3#'2&$'$-'%$G/"$*')*$
D&*>+2'3(&$./+%<*$?"#$./&$>=#>"*&$"?$\.#+<<&#+%<$*%"G?('C&*H_
45
$
$
L/"#.()$'?.&#$./&$(&..&#$G'*$>=3(+*/&D;$./&$@AOK$A"((&<&$V&>=3(+2'%*$D+*+%F+.&D$k+'%%">"=("*H$
$
$
N[KJ$LJ@PSfJL$AKf$P1$
$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$/&'#D$-'+%()$?#"-$*.=D&%.*$"??&%D&D$3)$./&$-&**'<&*$3#"=</.$3)$8+("$
k+'%%">"=("*;$K%%$A"=(.&#;$B&%$L/'>+#";$'%D$*=>>"#.&#*;$3=.$'(*"$#&2&+F&D$.&*.+-"%)$?#"-$
2"%*&#F'.+F&$*.=D&%.*$G/"$?&(.$./&+#$>"(+.+2'($3&(+&?*$-'D&$./&-$>'#+'/*$"%$2'->=*;$."$./&$>"+%.$
G/&#&$*"-&$"?$./&-$?&'#&D$?"#$./&+#$>/)*+2'($*'?&.)$'?.&#$./&$456a$&(&2.+"%H$K$-&-3&#$"?$./&$
B&#C&(&)$A"((&<&$V&>=3 (+2' % *$'((& < &D $./ +*$"*. #' 2+*-$&,.&%D *$." $/ "G$2"%*&# F' .+F &$*.= D &% .* $'#& $
<#'D&DH
46
$J/&$A"--+**+"%$?&&(*$*.#"%<()$./'.$%"$*.=D&%.$*/"=(D$3&$&F'(='.&D$-"#&$/'#*/()$"#$
.#&'.&D$G+./$(&**$#&*> &2.$D= &$."$/+*$"# $/&#$>" (+.+2'($"=.(" "C;$%" $- '..&#$/ "G $"??&% *+F&$. /' .$" = .( "" C $
-+</.$3&$."$./&$+%*.#=2."#$"#$."$2('**-'.&*H$f"#$D"&*$'%)"%&$"%$./&$A"--+**+"%$2"%D"%&$./&$C+%D$
"?$F+"(&%2&$./'.$&#=>.&D$"%$!&3#='#)$6;$4567$+%$#&*>"%*&$."$k+'%%">"=("*E*$'##+F'($"%$2'->=*H$
$
J/'.$*'+D;$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2"--&%D*$./'.$'(($-&-3&#*$"?$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$3&$-+%D?=($"?$
"%&$'%"./&#$'%D$D"$=%."$"./&#*$'*$./&)$$G"=(D$G'%.$D"%&$."$./&-*&(F&*H$J/&#&$'#&$3&..&#$G')*$."$
&,>'%D$./&$>"(+.+2'($D+'("<=&$"%$2'->=*$./'%$."$+%F+.&$'$*/"2C$R"2C$>&#?"#-'%2&$'#.+*.;$'*$U#"?&**"#$
V"**-'%$2/'#'2.&#+Q&D$k+'%%">"=("*;$."$3&(+..(&$/+*."#+2'(()$">>#&**&D$2"--=%+.+&*H$VL1*$/'F&$./&$
#+</.$."$+%F+.&$*=2/$>#"F"2'.&=#*$."$2'-> =*Z$3=.$./&)$'(*"$/'F &$'%$"3(+<'.+"% $."$/"%"#$%" .$R=*.$./&$
2'->=*E*$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.);$3=.$+.*$-+**+"%$"?$&D=2'.+"%;$#&*&'#2/;$'%D$>=3(+2$*&#F+2&$3)$
3'('%2+%<$./&+#$#+</.$."$/"(D$&F&%.*$G+./$./&+#$#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$."$./&$2"--=%+.)H$L+-+('#();$./"*&$
"??&%D&D$3)$'$*>&'C&#$/'F&$&F&#)$#+</.$."$2"=%.&#Y>#".&*.;$3=.$%".$."$D&%)$./&$*>&'C&#$'$>('.?"#-$
"#$."$2"--+.$F+"(&%2&;$+%2(=D+%<$>#">&#.)$D'-'<&;$+%$./&$%'-&$"?$./&+#$+D&"("<)H$
$
$
A1fAO@LI1f$
$
J/&$-&-3&#*$"?$./&$A"--+**+"%$./'%C$./&$A/'%2&(("#$?"#$./&$+%F+.'.+"%$."$#&?(&2.$"%$./&*&$
2/'((&%<+%<$'%D$&,.#&-&()$+->"#.'%.$+**=&*H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$G'*$<+F&%$'%$'-3+.+"=*$3#+&?$'%D$'$
.+</.$*2/&D=(&;$' % D $. / & # & $G&#&$* " -&$+%& F +. ' 3 ( & $?# = * .# ' . +" %*$'.$G /'.$+.$G ' * $' 3(&$."$' 2 2 " ->(+*/$=%D & # $
./&*&$2"%D+.+"%*H$B= .$'(($- &- 3 &#*$G &#& $+-> #&**& D$3) $./&$'.- " *> /&#& $"?$./"= </.?= ($'%D $#&*> &2.?=($
&%<'<&-&%.$./'.$2/'#'2.&#+Q&D$A"--+**+"%$D+*2=**+"%*;$'%D$3)$./&$2"%*.#=2.+F&$G')$+%$G/ +2 / $
?'2=(.);$*.'??;$' %D $*. =D & % .*$2' -&$."<&./ & #$." $./ +%C $' 3 "= .$2/ ' ((&% < & *$./ '.$' ??& 2.$= *$' ((H$J/ & $
A"--+**+"%$/">&*$+.*$#&2"--&%D'.+"%*$G+(($-'C&$'$-"D&*.$2"%.#+3=.+"%$."$*=*.'+%+%<$./&$
2'->=*E*$F+<"#"=*$?#&&$*>&&2/$.#'D+.+"%*H$
20
http://www.weeklystandard.com/open-letter-to-the-bruin-republicans-who-invited-milo-yiannopoulos-to-
ucla/article/2011582
21
See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Co7DcDcbYbo at 18:15 and following.
16
PROCESS
A/'+#&D$3)$U#=D&%2&$A'#.&#;$P&'%$h$U#"?&**"#$"?$./&$l#'D='.&$L2/""($"?$SD=2'.+"%;$'%D$3)$VH$m')$
N'(('2&;$U#"?&**"#$"?$U/+("*">/);$./&$A"--+**+"%$"%$!#&&$L>&&2/$-&.$+%$>&#*"%$"%$*&F&%$
"22'*+"%*H$
K.$+.*$?+#*.$-&&.+%<;$/&(D$"%$f"F&-3&#$X5;$4567;$./&$4X$A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$+%.#"D=2&D$
./&-*&(F&*H$K(($A" - - +**+"% $- &- 3 &#*$G &#& $<+F&% $'$2"= >(&$"?$- +%= .&*$." $*/'#& $./&+#$./"= </ .*$"%$
?#&&$*>&& 2/ $'% D $./ &$A " - -+**+"%E*$2 /' #< & H$
J/&$*&2"%D$-&&.+%<$G'*$/&(D$"%$P&2&-3&#$64;$4567H$J/&$A"--+**+"%$D+*2=**&D$./&$8'R"#$SF&%.*$
U"(+2);$./&%$+%$./&$>#"2&* *$" ?$3 &+% < $#& F+* & DH$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$-&.$?"#$?"=#$/"=#*$"%$m'%='#)$6`;$4569H$K?.&#$'$`5Y-+%=.&$D+*2=**+"%$"?$./&$('#<&#$
>/+("*">/+2'($+**=&*$=%D&#()+%<$./&$A/'%2&(("#E*$2/'#<&;$./&$A"--+**+"%$#&2&+F&D$`5$-+%=.&*$"?$
.&*.+-"%)$?#"- $- & - 3& #*$"?$./&$2'- >=*$2"- -= %+.)$'3"=.$./&$+->'2.$"?$L&>.&-3&#$4567E*$\!#&&$
L>&&2/$N&&CH_$J/&$A/'%2&(("#$'..&%D&D$./&$>"#.+"%$"?$2"--=%+.)$+%>=.$#&*&#F&D$?"#$*.'??$G"#C+%<$
%&'#$@>>&#$'%D$O"G&#$L>#"=($U('Q'H$J/&$('*.$/"=#$G'*$*>&%.$D+*2=**+%<$./&$2"--=%+.)E*$+%>=.;$
G/+2/$+%2(=D&D$G#+..&%$2"--&%.*$*=3-+..&D$F+'$./&$A"--+**+"%E*$&-'+($'DD#&**$
0=23>"(+2)q 3& #C&(&) H&D=:H$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$'<'+%$-&.$?"#$?"=#$/"=#*$"%$!&3#='#)$d;$4569H$8&-3&#*$D+*2=**&D$'$
2"->#&/&%*+F&$>#">"*'($?#"-$./&$OSKP$A&%.&#$'3"=.$V&<+*.&#&D$L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*$0VL1*:$'%D$
./&$-'%%& #$+%$G /+2/$V L1 *$/" (D$&F& %.*$"% $2'->=*H$J/&)$' (*"$D+*2= **&D $./&$>" **+3+(+.)$"?$- "F +%<$" #$
"./&#G+*&$2/'%<+%<$./&$2'->=*E*$.#'D+.+"%'($?#&&$*>&&2/$Q"%&*;$+H&H$@>>&#$'%D$O"G&#$L>#"=($U('Q'*H$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$./&%$#&2&+F&D$`5$-+%=.&*$"?$.&*.+-"%)$?#"-$./&$2'->=*$2"- - = %+.)$"%$./&*&$
+**=&*;$'% D $*> & % .$'% $/ " = #$#& F +&G+%<$./ &$2 "--= % +.) E*$2" --&% .* $'?. &# G ' #D ;$+% 2(= D +% < $?=# ./ & #$
G#+..&%$2"--&%.*$*=3-+..&D$F+'$&-'+(H$
1%$!&3#='#)$`;$4569;$./&$A"--+**+"%$/&(D$+.*$('*.$?"=#Y/"=#$*&**+"%H$I.$*>&%.$%&'#()$.G"$/"=#*$
D+*2=**+%<$./&$%"%YVL1$#&('.&D$W=&*.+"%*$>"*&D$+%$./&$A/'%2&(("#E*$2/'#<&$(&..&#$'%D$/"G$./&$
2'->=*E*$U#+%2+>(&*$"?$A"--=%+.)$2'%$3&$+->(&-&%.&D$-"#&$&??&2.+F&()H$K?.&#$./'.;$./&$A"--+**+"%$
/&'#D$'%$/"=#$"?$.&*.+-"%)$?#"-$./&$2'->=*$2"--=%+.)$"%$./"*&$*'-&$W=& *.+"%* ;$'%D$*> &%.$./ &$
#&-'+%D&#$"?$./&$-&& .+%<$D+*2=**+%< $./&$2"- - =%+.)E*$+%>=.$'% D$./&$('*.$"?$./&$&-'+(*$#&2&+F&D $
./#"=</$=23 >" (+2)q 3 &#C &(&)H&D =H$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$%&,.$-&.$"%$8'#2/$6;$4569$."$/&'#$?#"-$./&$A+.)$"?$B&#C&(&)$08')"#$m&**&$
K##&<=+%;$A+.)$K.."#%& )$! ' #+-'/$B# " G % ;$'% D $U " (+2& $A '> . '+% $P ' F+D $V & & 2& :$' *$G&(($'*$./ &$K 2 'D & -+2$
L&%'.&$A"--+..&&*$"%$P&-"%*.#'.+"%*$h$L.=D&%.$K2.+"%*$'%D$K2'D&-+2$!#&&D"-$0U#"?&**"#*$
V"3&#.$F'%$["=G&(+%<$'%D$J)$K(>&#:H$K?.&#$./&$>#&*&%.'.+"%*;$./&$A"--+**+"%$*/'#&D$>#&(+-+%'#)$
./"=</.*$"%$G / '.$./+*$#&> "#.$*/" =(D $+%2(=D &H$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$-&.$+%$>&#*"%$?"#$./&$?+%'($.+-&$"%$8'#2/$d;$4569$'%D$D+*2=**&D$'.$(&%<./$./&$
#&2"--&% D'.+"% *$."$3&$+%2(=D&D $+%$./+*$#&>"#.H$
L.'??$D&F&(">&D$'%$"=.(+%&$"?$./&$A"--+**+"%E*$?+%D+%<*$'%D$#&2"--&%D'.+"%*;$'%D$A"--+**+"%$
-&-3&#*$G&#&$<+F&%$=%.+($8'#2/$6a;$4569$."$2"--&%.$"%$+.$'%D$."$#&2"--&%D$'DD+.+"%'($
('%<='< &H$
A"--+**+"%$-&-3&#*$G&#&$'(*"$<+F&%$=%.+($8'#2/$4X;$4569$."$>#"F+D&$./&$+%D+F+D='($*.'.&-&%.*$
+%2(=D& D$3 & (" G$'*$K> > &% D +, $AH$
17
J/#"=</"=.$./&$A"- - +**+"%E*$D&(+3&#'.+"%*;$-& - 3&#*$G &#&$&% 2"=#' <&D$."$C&& >$=>$G +./$#&2&% .$
%&G*$'%D$">+%+"%$"%$#&(&F'%.$*=3R&2.$-'..&#H$S'2/$-&-3&#$#&2&+F&D$'$2">)$"?$Free$Speech$on$
Campus,$./&$4567$3"" C$> =3 (+*/&D$./ #"= </$k '(&$@ %+F&# *+.)$U#& **$3)$S #G +%$A/ &- &#+% * C )$0P&'%$" ?$
./&$L2/""($"?$O'G :$'% D$[ "G ' #D$l+((- ' %$0A/ '% 2&(("#$'.$@ A$I#F+% &:H$K$(+*.$"?$?=#./&# $#&'D+% <*$
*=<<&*.&D$."$./&$A"-- +**+"%$+*$+%2(=D&D$3&("G$'*$K> >&%D +,$PH$
$
$
18
APPENDIX A -- CHANCELLOR’S CHARGE LETTER TO THE
COMMISSION ON FREE SPEECH
$
P&'#$2"((&'<=&;$
I$G#+.&$."$?"#-' (()$+%F+.& $)"= $."$*&#F &$"% $'$A" - - +**+" %$."$'% '() Q&$&F &% .*$?&'.= #+% <$&,.& #% '($
*>&'C&#*$+%$"#D&#$."$#&2"-- &%D$2/' %<&*$+%$>"(+2)$'%D$>#" 2&D=#& *$./'.$-+</.$- 'C&$*+-+('#$&F&% .*$
(&**$D+*#=> .+F& $'% D $&, >& % *+F& $?"# $./& $2' - > = *;$'% D $."$' D F+*& $/ "G$G&$-+</.$3&*.$'(+<%$"=#$
#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$?"#$>#".&2.+%<$?#&&$*>&&2/$G+./$"=#$F' (=&*$'*$'$2"- - =%+.)H $
J/&$+%.#"D=2.+"%$."$./&$B&#C&(&)$A'->=*$V&<=('.+"%*$I->(&-&%.+%<$@%+F&#*+.)$U"(+2+&*0(+%C$+*$
&,.&#%'(:$*.'.&*$./'.$\I%$"#D&#$."$2'##)$"%$+.*$G"#C$"?$.&'2/+%<;$#&*&'#2/;$'%D$>=3(+2$*&#F+2&;$./&$
@%+F&#*+.)$/'*$'%$"3(+<'.+"%$."$-'+%.'+%$2"%D+.+"%*$=%D&#$G/+2/$./&$G"#C$"?$./&$@%+F&#*+.)$2'%$<"$
?"#G'#D $?#& & ();$+% $'2 2" #D '% 2 &$G+./$./&$/ +< /& *. $*.' %D ' #D *$" ?$W= ' (+.);$+% * . +.=.+"% ' ($+%.&<#+. ) ;$' % D $
?#&&D"- $" ?$&, > #& **+" % ;$G +./ $?= (($#&2 " <% +.+" % $3) $'(($2 "% 2 &# %& D $"?$./ & $#+</ .* $'% D $># +F+(& < &* ;$'*$G&(($'*$
#&*>"%*+3+(+.+&*;$"?$./"*&$G/"$2"->#+*&$./&$@ %+F&#*+.)$2"- - = %+.)H_$
J/&$*.'.&-&%.$&%*/#+%&*$?#&&D"-$"?$&,>#&**+"%$G/+(&$/+</(+</.+%<$./&$2'->=*E*$\"3(+<'.+"%$."$
-'+%.'+%$2"%D+.+"%*$=%D&#$G/+2/$./&$G"#C$"?$./&$@%+F&#*+.)$2'%$<"$?"#G'#D$?#&&()H_$V&2&%.$
&,>&#+&%2&$/'*$*/"G%$./'.$-'R"#$&F&%.*$/"*.&D$3)$%"%YD&>'#.-&%.'($=*&#*$-')$>('2&$./"*&$F'(=&*$
+%$2"%?(+2.H$N&$2/' #< &$. /+* $2" --+**+"%$G +./$D&F&(">+%<$'$*&.$"?$#&2"- - &%D'.+"% *$./'.$>#&*&#F&$./&$
2'->=*E*$?+#-$2"--+.-&%.$."$?#&&$&,>#&**+"%$G/+(&$#&D=2+%<$./&$(+C&(+/""D$"?$*=2/$&,>#&**+"%$
D+*#=>.+%<$./&$-+**+"%$"?$&D=2'.+"%;$#&*&'#2/;$'%D$>=3(+2$*&#F+2&H$SF&%$G/+(&$G&$G"#C$"%$/&'(+%<$
./&$2'->=*$?#"-$./&$&??&2.*$"?$./&$D+??+2=(.$2(+-'.&$./'.$>#&F'+(&D$./+*$?'((;$G&$%&&D$."$'*C$/"G$G&$
2'%$D"$3&..&#H$
N&$'*C$./&$A"--+**+"%$."$*"(+2+.$3#"'D$2"--=%+.)$+%>=.$./#"=</$/&'#+%<*;$&-'+(;$'%D$'%)$"./&#$
'F&%=&*$+.$2/""*&*H$
!"(("G+%<$'#&$*"-&$"?$./&$W=&*.+"%*$G&$'*C$./&$A"--+**+"%$."$2"%*+D&#M$
● L/"=(D$./&$2'->=*$-'C&$'%)$2/'%<&*$+%$./&$I%.&#+-$8'R"#$SF&%.*$U"(+2)g$N&$'*C$./&$
2"--+**+"%$."$>#"F+D&$+%>=.$."$./&$>"(+2)$2"--+..&&$./'.$D#'?.&D$./&$+%.&#+-$>"(+2);$
2/'+#&D$3)$I%.&#+-$o+2&$A/'%2&(("#$?"#$L.=D&%.$K??'+#*$L.&F&$L=.."%H$
● L/"=(D$>"(+2+&*$#&<'#D+%<$./&$=*&*$"?$O"G&#$'%D$@>>&#$L>#"=($0+%2(=D+%<$./&$L'F+"$L.&>*:$3)$
#&<+*.&#&D$*.=D&%.$"#<'%+Q'.+"%*$0V L1E*:$'%D $%"% Y'??+(+'.&$-&-3&#*$"?$./&$>=3(+2$3&$
#&F+*+.&Dg$
● L/"=(D$VL1E*$3&$'3(&$."$#&*&#F&$-=(.+>(&$2"%*&2=.+F&$D')*$"%$O"G&#$'%D$@>>&#$L>#"=(g$
● N/'.$+*$./&$#+</.$*+Q&$?"#$'%$VL1g$0+H&H;$/"G$-'%)$-&-3&#*$*/"=(D$3&$#&W=+#&D$."$*.'#.$'%$
"#<'%+Q'.+"%$'%D$C&&>$+.$+%$'2.+F&$*.'.=*g:$
● ["G$2'%$./&$2'->=*$-+%+-+Q&$#&>&'.&D$D+*#=>.+"%$"?$./&$*'-&$'#&'$"?$2'->=*$3)$-'R"#$
&F&%.*g$
● P"&*$./&$2'->=*$%&&D$."$D&F&(">$'$2&%.#'(+Q&D$#&*&#F'.+"%$*)*.&-$?"#$'(($"?$+.*$?'2+(+.+&*g$
● P"&*$#&%.'($"?$?'2+(+.+&*$3)$./&$%"%'??+(+'.&D$>=3(+2$2"-&$'.$./&$&,>&%*&$"?$2'->=*$=*&;$'%D$
D"$./&*&$#&%.'(*$<&%&#'.&$&%"=</$+%2"-&$."$-'C&$./&-$G"#./$2"%.+%=+%<$."$*=>>"#.g$
L/"=(D$?&G&#$?'2+(+.+&*$3&$'F'+('3(&$?"#$>=3(+2$#&%.'(g$
● ["G$2'%$G&$2"%.'+%$./&$2"*.*$"?$*&2=#+.)$?"#$-'R"#$&F&%.*g$
● L/"=(D$*.=D&%.*$3&$'3(&$."$*&#F&$'*$"3*&#F&#*$0'*$*.'??$'%D$?'2=(.)$2'%$%"G$*&#F&:$'.$-'R"#$
&F&%.*g$
19
● ["G$2'%$G&$3&*.$>#".&2.$./&$#+</.$"?$%"%YF+"(&%.$>#".&*.g$
● ["G$2'%$G&$-'C&$./&$>"(+2&$'$(&**$+%.+-+D'.+%<$>#&*&%2&$'.$-'R"#$&F&%.*$G+./"=.$
2"->#"-+*+%<$*&2=#+.)g$
J/&$2"--+**+"%$G+(($'(*"$G"#C$+%$2"%R=%2.+"%$G+./$./&$A"->(+'%2&$h$S%.&#>#+*&$V+*C$A"--+..&&$
0ASVA:$."$#&F+&G $./&$?"(("G+%<$>"(+2+&*$'%D$#&<=('.+"%*;$'("%<$G+./$'%)$"./&#$>"(+2+&*$'%D$
#&<=('.+"%*$./'.$-')$3&$#&(&F'% .;$'%D$#&2"- - &% D$."$ASV A$2/' %<&*$./' .$G"= (D$'>>()$."$'(($%"% Y
D&>'#.-&%.'($=*&#*$"?$2'->=*$*>'2&$&W='(()$'%D$+%$'$2"%.&%.Y%&=.#'($-'%%&#M$
1. OSKP$A&%.&#$V&<+*.&#&D$L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%$#&2"<%+.+"%$'%D$*>"%*"#*/+>$
#&W=+#&-&%.*0(+%C$+*$&,.&#%' (:$0"G % &D$3 )$L.=D &%.$K ??'+#*:$
2. B&#C&(&)$A'->=*$V&<=('.+"%*$I->(&-&%.+%<$@%+F&#*+.)$U"(+2+&*0(+%C$+*$&,.&#%'(:;$
>'#.+2=('#()$l&%&#'($P&?+%+.+"%*$*&2.+"%*$0D:;$0&:;$'%D$0?:Z$L&2.+"%$646$0!"#-'.+"%$"?$A'->=*$
1#<'%+Q'.+"%*:Z$L&2.+"%*$466Y4d6$0V&<=('.+"%*$A"%2&#%+%<$./&$@*&$"?$@%+F&#*+.)$!'2+(+.+&*$
'%D$L&#F+2&*:Z$'%D$L&2.+"%*$X66YXa9$0V&<=('.+"%*$A"%2&#%+%<$./&$J+-&;$U('2&;$'%D$8'%%&#$
"?$U=3(+2$S,>#&**+"%:$0"G%&D$3)$L.=D&%.$K??'+#*:$
3. I%.&#+-$>"(+2) $"%$8'R"#$SF&%.*$["*.&D$3)$f"%YP&>'#.-&%.'($@*&#*0(+%C$+*$&,.&#%'(:$0"G%&D$
3)$L.=D&%.$K??'+#*$'%D$V+*C$L&#F+2&*:$
J/&$2"--+**+"%$G+(($3&$A"YA/'+#&D$3)$U#=D&%2&$A'#.&#;$P&'%$"?$./&$l#'D='.&$L2/""($"?$SD=2'.+"%;$
'%D$m')$N'(('2&;$U#"?&**"#$"?$U/+("*">/)H$B)$D&*+<%;$-&-3&#*/+>$G+(($+%2(=D&$r$?'2=(.);$r$
*.=D&%.*;$'%D$r$*.'??n'D-+%+*.#'."#*;$'>>" +%.&D$3)$./&$A/'% 2&(("#H$
J/&$A"--+**+"%$G+(($D&F&(">$+.*$#&2"--&%D'.+"%*$+%$2"%*=(.'.+"%$G+./$*.'C&/"(D&#*$."$+%2(=D&$3=.$
%".$3&$(+-+.&D$."M$
● K2'D&-+2$L&%'.&$
● L.=D&%.$"#<'%+Q'.+"%*;$+%2(=D+%<$-=(.+2=(.=#'($*.=D&%.$"#<'%+Q'.+"%*$
● L.=D&%.$O&'#%+%<$A&%.&#$
● L.=D&%.$'./(&.&*$
● A+.)$"?$B&#C&(&)$
● P"G%."G%$B=*+%&**$K**"2+'.+"%$
● J&(&<#'>/$B=*+%&**$I->#"F&-&%.$P+*.#+2.$
● B"'#D$"?$o+*+."#*$
● L.'??$"#<'%+Q'.+"%*;$+%2(=D+%<$./&$A/'%2&(("#E*$L.'??$KDF+*"#)$A"--+..&&$
● A'->=*$&F&%.$-'%'<&#*;$+%2(=D+%<$A('**#""-$L2/&D=(+%<;$K2'D&-+2$'%D$L>'2&$U('%%+%<$
● V&*+D&%.+'($h$L.=D&%.$L&#F+2&$U#"<#'-*$
● K(=-%+$
I%$'22"-> (+*/+% <$./+*$2/ '#< &;$./& $2"- -+**+"%$G+(($3&$- +% D?= ($"?;$3=.$% ".$3" =% D$3 );$./&$?"((" G +%< $
.+-&(+%&$?"#$2'- >= *$#&F+&G $"?$./&$I%.&#+-$S F&%.*$U" (+2)M$
● 12."3&#$7M$I%.&#+-$>"(+2)$2/'%<&*$D+*.#+3=.&D$?"#$>=3(+2$2"--&%.$
● 12."3&#$X6M$A("*&$"?$>=3(+2$2"--&%.$>&#+"D$
● f"F&-3&#$6dM$U#">"*&D$>"(+2)$2/'%<&*$*=3-+..&D$."$./&$A"->(+'%2&$'%D$S%.&#>#+*&$V+*C$
A"--+..&&$0ASVA:$U"(+2)$L=32"--+..&&$?"#$#&F+&G$
● f"F&-3&#$X5M$U#">"*&D$>"(+2)$2/'%<&*$*=3-+..&D$."$?=(($ASVA$?"#$#&F+&G$'%D$'>>#"F'($
● P&2&-3&#$6dM$U#">"*&D$>"(+2)$2/'%<&*$*=3-+..&D$."$A/'%2&(("#$?"#$'>>#"F'($
● m'%='#) $`;$4 5 69 M$U "(+2 )$2 /' % < &*$+->(&- & % .&D $
N/+(&$D+*2=**+"%$G+./+%$./&$A"--+**+"%$2'%$+%?"# - $. /& $#& F +&G$>#"2& * *$?" #$./ & $+%. &# +- $> " (+2 );$
&+./&#$./#"=</$?"#-'($#&2"--&%D'.+"%$"?$./&$A"--+**+"%$"#$./#"=</$2"%.#+3=.+"%*$."$./&$>"(+2)$
#&F+&G$>#"2&**$3)$A"- - +**+"%$- &- 3 &#*;$./&$2/'#<&$"?$./&$A"- - +**+"%$+*$3#"'D &#$./'%$./& $#&F+&G $
"?$./&$+%.&#+-$>"(+2);$' % D$. /& $A " - -+**+"% E*$G " # C$2 '% $2 "% . +%= & $3 & )" % D $./ &$> " (+2 )$# &F +*+" % $.+-&(+%&H$I$
G"=(D$(+C&$'%$+%.&#+-$#&>"#.$"%$./&$A"--+**+"%E*$G"#C$'%D$#&2"--&%D'.+"%*$3)$K>#+($"?$4569H$
20
U(&'*&$2"%?+#-$)"=#$2"--+.-&%.$."$*&#F&$"%$./+*$A"--+**+"%$'*$*""%$'*$>"**+3(&$F+'$&-'+($."$K%%&$
m"%&*;$A/+& ?$" ?$L.' ??$."$./ & $o +2& $A/ ' % 2& (("# $?"#$L .= D &% .$K ??' +#*H$J / '% C $)" = $?"# $)" = #$2" % *+D &# '.+" % H$
L+%2&#&()$)"=#*;$
A'#"($A/#+*.$
A/'%2&(("#$
21
APPENDIX B: COMMISSION ON FREE SPEECH MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
8&-3&#*$
$
U#=D&%2&$A'#.&#;$P&'%$'%D$U#"?&**"#$"?$./&$L2/""($"?$SD=2'.+"%$02"Y2/'+#:$
VH$m')$N'(('2&;$U#"?&**"#$"?$U/+("*">/)$02"Y2/'+#:$
K%%&$B'#'%<&#;$J&'2/+%<$U#"?&**"#$0@%D&#<#'D='.&$SD=2'.+"%:$
8'#<"$B&%%&..;$L.'??$0@AUP:$
S#G+%$A/&-&#+%*C);$!'2=(.)$0P&'%$"?$L2/""($"?$O'G:$
m=%+>&#' % <& (+2' $A "# D" F 'Yl"??;$L.=D&%.$0KL@A$L&%'.&:$
1*2'#$P=3"%;$L.'??$0SW=+.)$h$I%2(=*+"%:$
8'#2$!+*/&#;$L.'??$0KD-+%+*.#'.+"%:$
A'./&#+%&$!+*C;$!'2=(.)$0U#"?&**"#$"?$O'G:$
8'#+&($l"DD=;$L.=D&%.$0l#'D='.&$K**&-3():$
P+'%'$['#F&);$L.'??$0U=3(+2$K??'+#*:$
f=/'$i/'(?');$L.=D&%.$0KL@A$L&%'.&:$
P'F+D$O'%D#&./;$!'2=(.)$0K**"2+'.&$U#"?&**"#$"?$S%<(+*/:$
K=*R+'$U&#("G;$L.=D&%.$0L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*:$
L+D'(+'$V&&(;$L.'??$0SW=+.)$h$I%2(=*+"%:$
K(?"%*"$B&%R'-+%$V&)&*Y8&*.+D+";$L.=D&%.$0L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*:$
8'#+**'$V&)%"*";$L.'??$0OSKP$A&%.&#:$
L"?+$L'#<*)'%;$L.=D&%.$0V&*+D&%.+'($['(($K**&-3():$
8'../&G$L-+./;$L.=D&%.$0L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*:$
L=*'%$L2/G&+C;$!'2=(.)$0K**"2+'.&$P&'%;$K#.*$h$[=-'%+.+&*:$
L.&F&$L=.."%;$L.'??$0L.=D&%.$K??'+#*:$
O=+*$J&%"#+";$L.=D&%.$0l#'D='.&$K**&-3():$
A/#+*.+%&$J#&'DG');$L.'??$0l"F&#%-&%.$h$A"--=%+.)$V&('.+"%*:$
$
L.'??$."$./&$A"--+**+"%$
K%%&$m"%&*$0L.=D&%.$K??'+#*:$
K%D)$l"(D3('..$0A/'%2&(("#E*$1??+2&:$
m+(($V"DD&$0 L.= D & %. $K??' +#* :$
O&"%'$A/&%$0A/'%2&(("#E*$1??+2&:$
$
A"=%*&($."$./&$A"--+**+"%$
P'F+D$V"3+%*"%$0O&<'($K??'+#*:$
$
A/'%2&(("#E*$1??+2&$O+'+*"%$
m&%%)$i G " % $0A /' % 2& ((" #E*$1 ??+2& :$
22
APPENDIX C: INDIVIDUAL STATEMENTS FROM COMMISSION
MEMBERS
A'./&#+%&$!+*C;$!'2=(.)$0U#"?&**"#$"?$O'G:M$
J/&$*.=D&%.;$?'2=(.);$'%D$*.'??$D+*2=**+"%$"?$./&$3&%&?+.*$'%D$2"*.*$"?$>#&*&#F+%<$B&#C&(&)E*$/+*."#+2$
2"--+.-&%.$."$?#&&D"-$"?$*>&&2/$+((=*.#'.&*$G/)$B&#C&(&)$+*$"%&$"?$./&$<#&'.$=%+F&#*+.+&*$+%$./&$
G"#(DH$I.$+*$<#&'.$3&2'=*&$+.$+*$'$D+F&#*&$'%D$G&(2"-+%<$2"--=%+.)$D&D+2'.&D$."$?#&&$&,2/'%<&$"?$
+D&'*$+%$'$# &* > &2 .?= ($& % F+# " %-&%.H$I%$'??+#-+%<$./&$#+</.$"?$?#&&$*>&&2/$'%D$./&$B&#C&(&)$U#+%2+>(&*$
"?$A"--=%+.);$I$/">&$./&$A"--+**+"%$G+(($>#&*&#F&$#"3=*.$D&3'.&;$*>+#+.&D$D+**&%.$?#"-$./&$
F&#+.+&*$"?$./&$D');$'%D$./&$?#&&D"-$."$&,>#&**$+D&'*$G/+(&$#&-+%D+%<$=*$"?$./&$#&'($/'#-$./'.$
#&2C(&**$*>&&2/$2'%$+%?(+2.H$
8'#+&($l"DD=;$L.=D&%.$0l#'D='.&$K**&-3():M$
@A$B&#C&(&)$+*$./&$.'#<&.$"?$"=.*+D&$?"#2&*H$B=.;$./&$-"*.$2'.'*.#">/+2$&F&%.$2'-&$?#"-$G+./+%M$!#&&$
L>&&2/$N&&C$G'*$*.'<&D$3)$students$G/"*&$*.'.&D$+%.&%.+"%$G'*$."$*>'#C$>"(+.+2'($D&3'.&$"%$
2'->=*H$N/)$D+D$./&*&$*.=D&%.*$?&&($'(+&%'.&Dg$N/'.$G+(($B&#C&(&)$D"$."$>#"-".&$2"--=%+.)$
F'(=&*$'%D$?'2+(+.'.&$">&%$>"(+.+2'($D+*2"=#*&g$["G$G+(($G&$&->"G&#$*.=D&%.*;$?'2=(.);$'%D$*.'??$."$
>'#.+2+>'.&$+%$D+??+2=(.$2"%F&#*'.+" %*g $J/&$*.#" %< &#$"= #$2"--=% +.);$./&$("G &#$./& $#+*C$"?$D&F +'%2 &$
?#"-$+%*+D & ;$'% D $./& $*-'((&#$./& $+- > ' 2. $"?$D +*#= > .+" %$?# "-$"=.*+D &H$O &.E* $*&# F& $'* $'$-"D&($"?$
#&*+(+&%2&$'%D$.#'%*>'#&%2)H$OSJ $J[ SV S$BS $OIl[ Js$
P+'%'$['#F&);$L.'??$0U=3(+2$K??'+#*:M$
1F&#$./&$2"=#*&$"?$-)$*&#F+2&$"%$./&$!#&&$L>&&2/$A"--+**+"%;$I$2'-&$."$-"#&$?=(()$'>>#&2+'.&$./&$
>#"?"=%D$&??&2.$G"#D*$2'%$/'F&$"%$./&$>*)2/&H$J/+*$<"&*$?"#$./&$/'.&?=($G"#D*$"?$*>&'C&#*$G/"$*&&C$
"%()$."$>#"F"C&;$'%D$'(*"$?"#$./&$G"#D*$2"-+%<$?#"-$./&$/+</&*.$2'->=*$"??+2&*H$I%$'DD+.+"%;$I$
(&'#%&D$./ ' .$./ &$2" -3+%'.+" %$" ?$G " #D *$'% D $." %& $2' % $+%D && D$3 & $>" .&% .;$'% D $./ '. $./& $('.. &#$2 '% $*/ ' >& $
>&>.+"%$'*$-=2/$'*$./&$?"#-&#H$L"$G/+(&$I$?&&($./'.$I$(&'#%&D$-"#&$./'%$I$2"%.#+3=.&D$."$./&$!#&&$
L>&&2/$A"--+**+"%;$+.$+*$-)$/">&$./'.$./"*&$(&'#%+%<*$G+(($*/'>&$./&$G')$G&$2"--=%+2'.&$G+./$
&'2/$"./&#$"%$2'->=*$'%D$=(.+-'.&()$3=+(D$'$-"#&$."(&#'%.;$#&*>&2.?=($'%D$+%2(=*+F&$&%F+#"%-&%.H$
K=*R+'$U&#("G;$L.=D&%.$0L.=D&%.$1#<'%+Q'.+"%*:M$
!=%D'-&%.'($."$"=#$<"'($"?$*&2=#+%<$?#&&$*>&&2/$>#".&2.+"%*$+*$&,>"*+%<$*.=D&%.*$."$'$F'#+&.)$"?$
F+&G>"+%.*$'%D$&%*=#+%<$./'.$&F&#)$*.=D&%.$D&F&(">*$./&$>#"G&**$."$(+*.&%$.";$'%'()Q&;$'%D$+?$
D&*+#&D;$2/'((&%<&$'#<=-&%.*H$N&$-=*.$3&$>#"'2.+F&$#'./&#$./'%$#&'2.+F&$+%$"=#$&-3#'2&$"?$
+D&"("< +2' ($D +F& #* +.) H$N & $G"=(D ;$'*$' $2" --=% +. );$3 & %& ?+.$?# "-$'$2"% 2& #.& D $&??" # .$." $+% .& <# '. &$D & 3 '. &$
'%D$>"(+.+2'($2"%*2+"=*%&**$+%."$./&$2=##+2=('$'2#"**$D+??&#&%.$2"((&<&*H$KDD+.+"%'(();$?#&&$*>&&2/$+*$
3&*.$<='#D&D$G/&%$./&$?&D&#'($'%D$*.'.&$<"F&#%-&%.*$*/'#&$./&$2"--+.- &%.$'%D $#&*>"%*+3+(+.)$"?$
23
*&2=#+%<$./&*&$#+</.*$?"#$./&+#$2+.+Q&%*$"%$>=3(+2$2'->=*&*H$N/'.$+*$./&$>=#>"*&$"?$"=#$.',$D"(('#*$+?$
%".$./&$>#".&2.+"%$"?$"=#$-"*.$3'*+2$#+</.*g$
L+D'(+'$V&&(;$L.'??$0SW=+.)$h$I%2(=*+"%:M$
@A$B&#C&(&)E*$!#&&$L>&&2/$8"F&-&%.$"?$./&$6`a5E*$*>'G%&D$>#&2+*&()$3&2'=*&$*.=D&%.*$>#".&*.&D$
'<'+%*.$./&$&*.'3(+*/-&%.H$$N&$-=*.$%".$("*&$*+</.$"?$G/'.$?#&&$*>&&2/$(""C*$(+C&$"%$'$2"((&<&$
2'->=*;$?"#$*.=D&%.*;$?'2=(.);$'%D$*.'??H$$L.'??$'#&$>'#.+2=('#()$*=3R&2.&D$."$-&%.'(;$&-".+"%'($'%D$
>/)*+2'($G"#C$+%.&##=>.+"%*$D=#+%<$>#".&*.*$'%D$-'R"#$&F&%.*H$$J/&$D+*#=>.+"%*$'%D$2"*.*$"?$
3#+%<+%<$*>&'C&#*$."$2'->=*$'*$-'R"#$&F&%.*$'#&$D'=%.+%<;$#&<'#D(&**$"?$/"G$>"('#+Q+%<$'%D$=%2+F+($
./&$*>&'C&#;$'%D $/"G $- +(+.'#+Q&D $'%D $2"*.()$./ &$*&2= #+.) H$K$-'R"#$&F & %. *$> " (+2 )$./ ' .$2 "% * +D &# *$./ & $
+->'2. $"% $./ & $&% . +#& $2' - > = * $2" --=% +. );$' %D $" ??& #*$' (.& #% ' .+F & $("2 ' .+" % *;$G +( ($3 #+% <$(" < +2$' % D $
#&'*"%$+%."$<=+D&(+%&*$'+-&D $'.$-+%+- +Q+%<$D+*#=> .+"%H$
$
24
APPENDIX D: RECOMMENDED BACKGROUND READING
● Hate speech is protected free speech, even on college campuses by Erwin Chemerinsky at
Vox.com, October 25, 2017.
● There is no 1st Amendment right to speak on a college campus by Robert Post on Vox.com,
October 25, 2017.
● Williams College president: Don’t ignore the real threats in the debate over free speech by Adam
Falk in the Washington Post, November 14, 2017.
● There Have Been So Many Bad Lefty Free-Speech Takes Lately by Jess Singal in New York
Magazine, November 12, 2017.
● Statement by Robert Zimmer (President, University of Chicago) to his campus community about
the events in Charlottesville. August 22, 2017
● Ta-Nehisi Coates has an incredibly clear explanation for why white people shouldn’t use the n-
word video at Vox.com, November 9, 2017.
● The Alt-Right On Campus: What Students Need To Know publication by the Southern Poverty
Law Center, August 10, 2017.
● What Berkeley's $800,000 Did -- and Didn't -- Buy During 'Free Speech Week’ by Chris Quintana in
The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 10, 2017
● After a Year of Tumult, Evergreen State Revises Policy on the Use of Campus Space by Chris
Quintana in The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 24, 2017
● Judith Butler Overestimates the Power of Hateful Speech by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic,
December 12, 2017.
● Check Your Privilege When Speaking of Protests by Nisa Dang in the Daily Cal, December 26, 2017.
● Quarrel at Flagship Ignites a Battle with State Legislators by Eric Kelderman in The Chronicle of
Higher Education, November 30, 2017.
● There is No First Amendment Right to Speak on a College Campus by Robert Post on Vox.com,
December 31, 2017. (Rebuttal to Dean Chemerinsky’s October 25, 2017 Vox article listed above.)
● Colleges Brace for Tumult in 2018 as White Supremacists Demand a Stage by Audra D. S. Burch,
New York Times, January 17, 2018.
● The Justice Department is Going After Berkeley for Squelching Free Speech. That’s Unfair by the
Washington Post Editorial Board, February 3, 2018.
● Does College Turn People Into Liberals? By Matthew J. Mayhew et., al, at theconversation.com,
February 2, 2018.
25
● Open Letter to the Bruin Republicans Who Invited Milo Yiannopoulos to UCLA, by Gabriel Rossman,
The Weekly Standard, February 14, 2018.
● Milo Yiannopoulos’ UCLA Talk About What He Hates About Mexico Canceled by Teresa Watanabe in
The Los Angeles Times, February 14, 2018.
● A Mentor’s Advice to UCLA’s Campus Republicans by Conor Friedersdorf in the Atlantic Monthly,
February 20, 2018
● Ben Shapiro Speech Venue Triggers Threat of Lawsuit Against University of Minnesota by Maura
Lerner, Minneapolis Star Tribune, February 22, 2018.
● “Liberal” Campuses, Conservative Media, and the First Amendment by Charles Dunst in The American
Prospect, February 23, 2018.
● College Students Support Free Speech -- Unless It Offends Them by Jeffrey Selingo in The
Washington Post, March 12, 2018.
● Everything We Think About the Political Correctness Debate is Wrong by Matthew Yglesias at
Vox.com, March 12, 2018.
● If You Truly Care About Speech, You will Invite Me to Your Office to Personally Call You a Dipshit by
Alex Pareene at Splinternews.com, March 8, 2018.
● People Always Think Students Are Hostile to Free Speech. They Never Really Are by Andrew
Hartman in The Washington Post, March 15, 2018.
● The Right is Worse than the Left on Free Speech. So What? by Jonathan Chait, New York Magazine,
March 20, 2018.
