and universities, with significant involvement by the U.S.
Department of Education, led by the Secretary of Educa-
tion. Relevant laws include, among many others, the
Higher Education Opportunity Act, enacted in 2008,
25
which reauthorized the Higher Education Act of 1965,
26
and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
(FERPA), enacted in 1974.
27
These statutes govern,
among other things, the accreditation of colleges and
universities, the enhancement of quality, the treatment of
student assistance, graduate/postsecondary improvement
programs, and the privacy of student records. In 2015, a
task force created by a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators
reviewed the Department of Education’s regulation of
colleges and universities and recommended, among other
things, that the Department’s regulations “be related to
education, student safety, and stewardship of federal
funds” and “not stray from clearly stated legislative in-
tent.”
28
The extensive federal regulation of colleges and
universities focuses on access, availability, affordability
and effectiveness, all of which relate to the ability of
students to satisfy educational objectives. This supports
my view that collective bargaining—and especially the
resort to economic weapons between and among student
assistants, faculty members, and administrators—is like-
ly to substantially affect the educational process, separate
from any impact on the economic interests of student
assistants.
Furthermore, it is already clear that current Board law,
if applied to university student assistants, may contradict
federal education requirements. For example, FERPA
broadly restricts the disclosure of educational records,
including student disciplinary records.
29
However, cur-
25
Pub. L. 110–315 (2008).
26
Pub. L. 89–329 (1965). The Higher Education Act of 1965 was
reauthorized in 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, and 2008. It
was extended through 2015, and reauthorization bills remain pending in
Congress. See U.S. News University, House Approves Five Bipartisan
Bills to Improve Higher Education Act (July 15, 2016) (https://www.
usnewsuniversitydirectory.com/news/paying-for-school/house-
approves-five-bipartisan-bills-to-improve-higher-education-act/) (last
viewed July 28, 2016).
27
Pub. L. 93–380 (1974). FERPA has been amended multiple times
since its initial passage and may be found in its current form at 20
U.S.C. § 1232g.
28
Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education, Recali-
brating Regulation of Colleges and Universities, pp. 2, 4 (2015)
(http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/
Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf) (last visited Aug.
5, 2016). The Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and
Pensions also held a hearing on February 24, 2015 devoted to the Task
Force’s report. See http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/recalibrating-
regulation-of-colleges-and-universities-a-report-from-the-task-force-
on-government-regulation-of-higher-education (Feb. 24, 2015) (last
viewed July 28, 2016).
29
See http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/brochures/postsec.
html (last viewed Aug. 3, 2016) (indicating that “student disciplinary
rent Board law, if applied to university students, would
require the disclosure of confidential witness statements
(absent proof that the witnesses required protection from
retaliation in the particular circumstances presented),
30
and Board law would prevent university officials from
routinely requesting nondisclosure of matters discussed
in investigatory interviews involving student assistants.
31
records are protected as education records under FERPA,” although
disclosure without the student’s consent is permitted in certain circum-
stances). FERPA regulations indicate that “education records” do not
include records relating to employees of an educational institution, but
this exclusion applies only if employment-related records “[r]elate
exclusively to the individual in that individual’s capacity as an employ-
ee.” 34 CFR § 99.3 (defining “education records”). According to the
U.S. Department of Education, the employment-related records of
“graduate student teaching fellows/assistants,” whose appointments are
contingent on being students, constitute “education records” subject to
FERPA’s nondisclosure requirements. See Department of Education,
Letter of technical assistance to American Federation of Teachers re:
disclosure of information on teaching assistants, available at:
http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/aft.html (Aug.
21, 2000) (last viewed Aug. 3, 2016) (hereinafter “Dept. of Education,
AFT letter”). In short, if a student complains about sex harassment by
a student assistant, which may result in academic suspension or expul-
sion, for example, it appears clear that FERPA confidentiality require-
ments would apply to the investigative records, possibly including
witness statements, directly contrary to NLRB law potentially requiring
their disclosure. See fns. 30-31, infra. Because of FERPA’s privacy
requirements, there will undoubtedly be additional conflicts with
NLRB disclosure obligations in other contexts, including union infor-
mation requests to which employers must respond under NLRA Sec.
8(a)(5). See Dept. of Education, AFT letter, supra (information re-
quested by union representing public university student assistants can-
not be disclosed without the student assistants’ consent); see also
http://www2.ed.gov/
policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/josephambash.html (Feb. 25, 2002)
(last viewed Aug. 3, 2016) (teaching assistants’ hours of work, stipend,
length of contract, employment category, and selection for layoff are
educational records protected from disclosure by FERPA).
Even before the Board majority decided to apply the NLRA to stu-
dent assistants and thus create inconsistencies with other federal regula-
tions applicable to colleges and universities, the Board’s interpretation
of the NLRA was contrary to other federal agency requirements and
recommendations. For example, the Board’s disclosure requirements
applicable to workplace investigations and witness statements conflict
with guidance from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC) regarding precisely the same issues. See American Baptist
Homes of the West d/b/a Piedmont Gardens, 362 NLRB No. 139, slip
op. at 12–13 (2015) (Member Johnson, dissenting in part); Report of
the Co-Chairs of the EEOC Select Task Force on the Study of Harass-
ment in the Workplace, available at:
http://www.btlaborrelations.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/eeoc-
report-on-sexual-harassment.pdf (June 2016) (last viewed Aug. 4,
2016) (noting “strong support” from stakeholders “for the proposition
that workplace investigations should be kept as confidential as is possi-
ble,” but also observing that “an employer’s ability to maintain confi-
dentiality . . . has been limited in some instances by decisions of the
National Labor Relations Board,” and concluding that the “privacy of
both the accuser and the accused should be protected to the greatest
extent possible, consistent with legal obligations”).
30
See Piedmont Gardens, supra, 362 NLRB No. 139.
31
See Banner Estrella Medical Center, 362 NLRB No. 137 (2015).