2020 Psychology Written examination 2

PSYCHOLOGY

Written examination

Thursday 12 November 2020

Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes)

Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of book

Section Number of

questions

Number of questions

to be answered

Number of

marks

A 50 50 50

7 7 70

Total 120

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,

sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/or

correctionuid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied

• Questionandanswerbookof40 pages

• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions

• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextraspacetocompleteananswer.

Instructions

• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.

• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.

• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination

• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic

devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2020

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE

Victorian Certicate of Education

2020

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2020PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 2

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Question 1

Which of the following correctly identies the specialised structure and corresponding function at any given synapse?

Structure Function

pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles

synaptic gap electrical charge transmits the neural message

receptor site neurotransmitters are stored

post-synaptic neuron reuptake of neurotransmitters occurs

Question 2

Which statement about conscious or unconscious responses by the nervous system is correct?

A. A conscious response by the nervous system is involuntary and goal-directed.

B. A conscious response by the nervous system is voluntary and attention is given to the stimulus.

C. An unconscious response by the nervous system is voluntary and regulated by the autonomic nervous

system.

D. An unconscious response by the nervous system is unintentional and is always regulated by the

autonomic nervous system.

SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section A

Answer all questions in pencil on the answer sheet provided for multiple-choice questions.

Choose the response that is correct or that best answers the question.

A correct answer scores 1; an incorrect answer scores 0.

Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.

No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

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Use the following information to answer Questions 3 and 4.

Jacob is a paramedic attending to a patient who has been unconscious for at least 30 minutes. Jacob records his

observations of the patient on a clipboard.

Question 3

Which of the following identies what is happening to Jacob at the neural level as he picks up his clipboard?

Response Post-synaptic neuron

muscles contract post-synaptic dendrites receive

the message

spinal reex initiated post-synaptic axon terminals

send the message

muscles relax post-synaptic axon terminals

receive the message

spinal reex initiated post-synaptic dendrites send the

message

Question 4

While Jacob is checking the patient’s pulse, the patient suddenly wakes up and yells loudly, startling Jacob.

Which immediate physiological changes would Jacob experience when he is startled?

A. constriction of airways and bladder relaxation

B. increase in salivation and release of adrenaline

C. release of cortisol and increased release of glucose

D. increase in adrenaline and reduced movement in the large intestine

Question 5

Which one of the following accurately describes characteristics of a single neuron?

A. Dendrites ‘grow’ whereas axon terminals are ‘pruned’.

B. Myelin coating the axon terminals improves signal transmission.

C. Dendrites full their role in neural transmission before axon terminals.

D. Axon terminals full their role in neural transmission before dendrites.

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Question 6

Which of the following identies changes that occur in both neurotransmitters and motor responses due to

Parkinson’s disease?

Neurotransmitter Motor response

increase in dopamine seizure

increase in glutamate anxiety

decrease in dopamine rigidity

decrease in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) tremor

Question 7

To treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, a doctor is likely to administer a drug that

A. inhibits the binding of receptors.

B. inhibits the lock-and-key process.

C. mimics the activity of a neurotransmitter.

D. promotes reuptake on the post-synaptic neuron.

Question 8

Vladimir is experiencing stress in response to news he has received.

The stress Vladimir is experiencing is more likely to be eustress if Vladimir has

A. increased arousal momentarily, decreased motivation and an elevated heart rate.

B. increased alertness momentarily, increased motivation and an elevated heart rate.

C. heightened arousal for several hours and increased motivation, and he feels overwhelmed.

D. elevated alertness for several hours and increased cortisol levels, and he feels condent he can manage the news.

Question 9

One limitation of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome as a scientic model for stress is that it

A. has stages that are specic and time dependent.

B. takes into account individual differences in physiological responses to a stressor.

C. cannot be researched experimentally due to the subjective nature of the stress response.

D. assumes shock and counter shock are separate processes even though they can occur simultaneously.

Question 10

Which one of the following is the most accurate description of the role of cortisol in the stress response, according to

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

A. stops the immune system from functioning

B. increases glucose in the bloodstream and reduces inammation

C. reactivates functions that are non-essential in a ght-ight response

D. provides the initial alert about a perceived threat, through the release of adrenaline

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Question 11

Whichofthefollowingidentiesadierencebetweenlong-termpotentiationandlong-termdepression?

Long-term potentiation Long-term depression

resultsinachangeinexcitabilityofthe

post-synapticneuron

doesnotinvolveanincreaseinexcitabilityofthe

post-synapticneuron

occursatthesynapse doesnotoccuratthesynapse

involvestheneurotransmitterglutamate involvestheneurotransmitterGABA

changesarelong-lasting changesarenotlong-lasting

Question 12

CaitlinisteachingherdogZiggytositwhensheinstructshimtodoso.SherewardsZiggybygivinghimatreat

everytimehesitswhenshesaystheword‘sit’.CaitlinhasnoticedthatZiggywillalsositwhenshesaysthewords

‘lit’,‘pit’and‘t’.

Ziggyisdemonstrating

A. stimulusgeneralisationasanelementofoperantconditioning.

B. stimulusdiscriminationasanelementofoperantconditioning.

C. stimulusgeneralisationasanelementofclassicalconditioning.

D. stimulusdiscriminationasanelementofclassicalconditioning.

Question 13

Bernardwasabouttositonabenchatthebeachwhenhenoticedthathefelthappyandhadbeenunconsciously

smiling.Herealisedthatthisfeelingwasprobablyassociatedwithhisgirlfriend,whomheoftenbringstothisbench

towatchthesunset.

DuringtheprocessofconditioningBernard’sresponse,the

A. unconditionedstimulusisthebench.

B. unconditionedstimulusishisgirlfriend.

C. associationisbetweenthesunsetandhisgirlfriend.

D. associationisbetweenhisfeelingsandhisgirlfriend.

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Use the following information to answer Questions 14 and 15.

Hannahisauniversitystudentwhohasrecentlysignedaleasetomoveintoarentalpropertyinanapartmentblock.

Hannahenjoysthefreedomofhavingherownapartment.Sincemovingintohernewapartment,Hannahhashosted

loudpartiesmostweekends.Thishasresultedinherneighboursmakingaformalcomplainttoherlandlord.Hannah’s

landlordhassentheranofcialletterstatingthatherleasewillbeterminatedifshecontinuestohaveloudparties.

Question 14

IfHannahreducesthenumberofloudpartiesinresponsetothecontentsoftheletter,whichprincipleofoperant

conditioningisbeingdemonstrated?

A. responsecost,becauseHannah’sneighboursareupsetbyherloudparties

B. negativereinforcement,becausethecontentsoftheletterachievedthedesiredresponse

C. responsecost,becausehavingherleaseterminatedwouldresultinHannahlosingherapartment

D. negativereinforcement,becausetheformalcomplaintbytheneighboursisanunpleasantconsequence

Question 15

WhichoneofthefollowingactionsismostlikelytoreinforcequietandconsideratebehaviourfromHannah?

A. thepolicebeingcalledwhenshehasaloudparty

B. herneighboursnotreactingwhenshehasaloudparty

C. herneighbourswaitingoutsideasguestsarriveforaparty

D. beinggivencomplimentsbyherneighbourswhenshehasaquietparty

Question 16

Whichoneofthefollowingaccuratelynamesandexplainshowanethicalprinciplewasviolatedinthe‘LittleAlbert’

experiment?

A. useofdeception,becauseLittleAlbertwasnotinformedofthenatureoftheexperiment

B. informedconsent,becauseLittleAlbert’smotherwasnotpresentatthestartoftheexperiment

C. withdrawalrights,becauseLittleAlbertlefttheexperimentwithapreviouslynon-existentfear

D. roleoftheexperimenter,becauseLittleAlbert’sconditionedfearresponsewasnotextinguished

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Use the following information to answer Questions 17–20.

MrWallaceisaGeographyteacheratahighschool.HeisinterestedinndingoutwhetherYear9studentsor

Year10studentsarefasteratlearningthenamesofcapitalcities.Oneclassateachyearlevelisshownapresentation

witheachoftheselected20countriesandtheircapitalcitiesonseparateslides.Studentsareinstructedtosilently

memorisethenameofeachcountry’scapitalcity.Attheendofthepresentation,eachstudentisthenprovidedwitha

listofcountriesonly,inthesameorderaspresented.Studentsareaskedtowritethenameofthecorrectcapitalcity

besidethenameofasmanycountriesaspossible.MrWallacethenrecordshowmanycorrectpairsofcapitalcities

andcountrieseachstudentgets,andcalculatesthemeanforeachclass.

Question 17

Whichtwofactorsmakeitmorelikelythatstudentswillcorrectlymatchcapitalcitiestocountries?

A. recencyeffectandtheuseofelaborativerehearsal

B. primacyeffectandtheuseofmaintenancerehearsal

C. serialpositioneffectandtheuseofelaborativerehearsal

D. serialpositioneffectandtheuseofmaintenancerehearsal

Question 18

WhichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesthetypeofresearchconductedbyMrWallace?

A. observationalstudy

B. cross-sectionalstudy

C. repeatedmeasuresdesign

D. matchedparticipantsdesign

Question 19

WhichofthefollowingprocedureswereusedinMrWallace’sresearch?

A. conveniencesamplingandrandomallocation

B. randomallocationandstandardisedprocedures

C. conveniencesamplingandstandardisedprocedures

D. randomsamplingandnon-standardisedprocedures

Question 20

WhichmeasureofretentionwasbeingtestedbyMrWallace?

A. recall

B. relearning

C. recognition

D. reconstruction

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Question 21

AccordingtotheAtkinson-Shirinmulti-storemodelofmemory,whichprocessdetermineswhetherinformation

movesfromshort-termmemorytolong-termmemory?

A. encoding

B. rehearsal

C. consolidation

 selectiveattention

Question 22

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutmemoryiscorrect?

A. Thedurationofshort-termmemorycanbeincreasedbychunking.

B. Thegreatestnumberofitemsthatcanbeheldinshort-termmemoryisnine.

C. Thecapacityofshort-termmemorycanbeincreasedbyusingmaintenancerehearsal.

D. Short-termmemoryreceivesinformationfrombothsensorymemoryandlong-termmemory.

Question 23

Urbach-Wiethediseaseisararegeneticdisorder.SomepatientswhosuerfromUrbach-Wiethediseasemay

experiencelackoffearandmayreachouttotouchavenomoussnakedespiterememberingthatitisdangeroustodo

so.

Whichregion(s)ofthebrainislikelytobeaectedbyUrbach-Wiethedisease?

A. amygdala

B. cerebellum

C. hippocampus

 hippocampusandamygdala

Question 24

WhichoneofthefollowingisacharacteristicofAlzheimer’sdisease?

A. Thehippocampusisthelastareaofthebraintobeaected.

B. Itinitiallyaectsshort-termmemorymorethanlong-termmemory.

C. Itiscausedbyanincreaseintheleveloftheneurotransmitterdopamine.

D. Itinvolvesneurobrillarytangles,abuild-upofabnormalproteinoutsidetheneuronsinthebrain.

Question 25

Whichoneofthefollowingismostlikelytobeexperiencedfollowingbraintraumathatresultsinadiagnosisof

anterogradeamnesia?

A. poorrecallofmemories

B. dicultyformingnewmemories

C. lossofbothexplicitandimplicitmemories

D. aninabilitytorecalleventspriortothedamage

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Question 26

Open-endedquestioningtechniquesarelesslikelytobefalliblethantheinterviewingtechniqueshighlightedin

Loftus’sresearchbecause

A. theyimprovememoryofemotionalevents.

B. memoryreconstructionofeventswillnotoccur.

C. theyavoidleadingquestionsthatcouldintroducefalseinformation.

D. moreinformationaboutaneventislikelytobeelicitedfromaneyewitness.

Question 27

Consciousnessis

A. individualandcontinuouslychanging.

B. storedinanindividual’slong-termmemory.

C. directlyobservedthroughthebehavioursofindividuals.

D. objectiveandcanbemeasureddirectlyusingtoolssuchasanelectroencephalograph,electromyographor

electro-oculograph.

Question 28

Terenceislookingforhiscarkeys.

WhichoneofthefollowingcharacteristicsdemonstratesthatTerence’sstateofconsciousnessisclosertonormal

wakingconsciousnessthanalteredstatesofconsciousness?

A. Hisemotionalreactionsarelikelytobeamplied.

B. Heisnotawareofthetimetakentolookforhiskeys.

C. Hekeepsseeinghiskeyswhentheyarenotthere.

D. Hismindshiftsbetweenhisthoughtsandhisenvironment.

Question 29

Amandahasanewjobasanairtrafccontroller.Sheoftenndshershiftshighlystressfulasshemustensure

successfulcoordinationofmultipleaircraftsimultaneously.

WhichoneofthefollowingbestindicatesAmanda’slevelofconsciousnessduringashift?

A. controlledprocessingwithrestrictedcontent

B. highlyfocusedawarenesswithdecreasedcontentlimitations

C. normalwakingconsciousness,whichdullsreceptionofsensorystimuli

D. increasedarousal,allowingforcontinueddividedattentiontomanagethemultipleaircraft

Question 30

Angelahasbeenlearningtoplaytheguitarforfouryears.Atrst,shehadtoconcentrateveryhardandcouldnot

singatthesametime.Inthelastyear,shehasbeenabletofocusonhersingingwhilesheplays.

ForAngela,theprocessofplayingtheguitarwas

A. atalltimesanautomaticprocessastheskillsrequiredwerephysical,notcognitive.

B. atalltimesacontrolledprocessasthetaskofplayingtheguitarrequiresalotofskill.

C. atrstacontrolledprocessinwhichhighlevelsofawarenessandmentaleffortwerenecessary.

D. atrstanautomaticprocessinwhichhighlevelsofawarenessandmentaleffortwerenecessary.

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Question 31

Accordingtotherestorationtheoryofsleep,whichoneofthefollowingbestexplainsthedifferencebetweenan

infant’ssleepandanolderchild’ssleep?

A. Olderchildrenneedmorefoodtoeatandthereforetheyhavelesstimeforsleepthaninfants.

B. InfantsundergomorerapidbraindevelopmentandthereforetheyexperiencemoreREMsleepthanolder

children.

C. OlderchildrenexertmorephysicalenergyduringthedayandthereforetheyexperiencemoreREMsleepthan

infants.

D. Infantshaveaccesstosafeandstableplacestosleepandthereforetheyexperiencemoresleepoverallthanolder

children.

Question 32

Sleepchangesasweage.

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesanoticeablechangethatoccurs?

A. Thetimespentsleepingoverallincreasesasweage.

B. TheproportionoftimespentinNREMsleepincreasesasweage.

C. Asweprogressovertimefrominfancytooldage,theproportionoftimespentinstages1and2ofNREMsleep

signicantlydecreases.

D. TheproportionoftimespentinREMsleepsignicantlydecreasesfrominfancyandthenremainssteadyaswe

continueageing.

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Use the following information to answer Questions 33–37.

Parminder compared the effects of consumption of alcohol on reaction times in people at various stages of life.

His stratied sample included participants aged 18 to 70 years. In the repeated measures experiment, participants

consumed one standard drink of alcohol at half-hourly intervals until they reached 0.10% blood alcohol concentration

(BAC). Participants completed a series of computer-based tests for reaction times at BACs of 0.00%, 0.05% and

0.10%.

Additionally, once participants reached 0.10% BAC, Parminder asked all participants to write down on a lined piece

of paper their immediate feelings, thoughts and memories, and to provide an estimate of how long they thought the

tests ran for.

The graph below represents reaction time, in seconds, versus age, with the lines representing the trend of results for

each level of BAC.

reaction

time (s)

age (years)

0.10% BAC

0.05% BAC

0.00% BAC

7018

Question 33

The graph above demonstrates that

A. an altered state of consciousness is achieved.

B. the higher the BAC, the greater the reaction time.

C. an improvement in reaction times occurs as age increases.

D. reaction times decrease signicantly in both the 0.05% and 0.10% BAC conditions.

Question 34

Which of the following includes both an independent variable and a dependent variable for Parminder’s study?

Independent variable Dependent variable

age reaction time

reaction time BAC

cognitive performance amount of alcohol consumed

amount of alcohol consumed BAC

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Question 35

Parminder believed when the participants were in the 0.10% BAC condition, they achieved an altered state of

consciousness at the end of the study.

The most likely indication of participants being in an altered state of consciousness at the end of the study would be

if they

A. reported being in control of their emotions.

B. recalled their stream of thoughts during the study.

C. remembered the conversations of passers-by outside the laboratory.

D. estimated the study going for a shorter or longer time than it did.

Question 36

Which of the following accurately describes the two types of data Parminder was gathering during the testing period

and after the last test?

A. subjective and qualitative

B. self-report and qualitative

C. objective and quantitative

D. quantitative and qualitative

Question 37

In a second study, not involving alcohol, with different participants, Parminder examined the effects on reaction time

of being awake for 24 hours.

The results from Parminder’s second study were likely similar to which one of the following results from his rst

study?

A. the 0.10% BAC condition, sleep affected

B. the 0.05% BAC condition, mood affected

C. the 0.10% BAC condition, cognition affected

D. the 0.05% BAC condition, concentration affected

Question 38

Which one of the following represents a quantitative measure of sleep that would indicate whether someone has

moved during their sleep?

A. an electroencephalograph, which indicates a deep sleep

B. an electromyograph, which indicates changes in muscle tone

C. a video recording, which provides visual evidence of movement

D. an electro-oculograph, which records changes in eye movements indicating stages of sleep

Question 39

The mean is a measure of central tendency often used in psychological research.

The mean can be a misleading representation of data if

A. the frequency of each score has not been calculated.

B. the range of the scores is much greater than anticipated.

C. it contains outliers, very small or large values in the scores that are not typical.

D. there is not an equal number of scores whose values lie above and below its value.

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Question 40

Whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribestheimpactonmentalhealthofbothexternalfactorsandresilience?

External factors Resilience

Theeectdependsonthenumberandthe

natureoftheexternalfactors.

Growthcanoccureventhoughsetbacks

occur.

Externalfactorswillnothaveanimpacton

thedevelopmentofamentalhealthproblem.

Resilienceallowsanindividualto‘bounce

back’.

Internalfactorsarelikelytohaveabigger

impactthanexternalfactors.

Thenumberofsetbacksislikelytodetermine

thelevelofresilience.

Socialfactorsarelikelytohaveagreater

impactthanemotionalfactors.

Externalfactorsdonotinuenceresilience.

Question 41

Participantsinvolvedinresearchintomentalhealthareinformedthataplacebowillbeused.

Whichadditionalpieceofinformationismostlikelytobeprovidedtotheseparticipants?

A. whichconditiontheyarein

B. thattheycouldbeineitherthecontrolgrouportheexperimentalgroup

C. thattheyshouldcontinuetakinganyothermedicationstheyhavebeenprescribed

D. misleadinginformationabouttheresearchinordertopreventtheparticipants’expectationsfromaecting

theresults

Question 42

Whichofthefollowingaccuratelycategorisesbothacontributingfactorinthedevelopmentofaspecicphobiaand

anevidence-basedinterventionusedtotreataspecicphobia?

Contributing factor Evidence-based intervention

thestressresponse(biological) exercise(social)

classicalconditioning(biological) challengingunrealisticthoughts(psychological)

catastrophicthinking(psychological) psychoeducation(social)

stigmaaroundseekingtreatment(psychological) breathingretraining(biological)

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Use the following information to answer Questions 43–45.

Theodorelosthisjobtwoyearsbeforeheintendedtoretireandithadanegativeimpactonhismoodandabilityto

cope.Hedidnotpaytwoelectricitybillsdespitehavingsufcientfunds.Hebecamewithdrawnwhileathisgolfclub

andsoonstoppedplaying.Whenhealsostartedcomplainingofsleepingproblems,hisdaughterencouragedhimto

seehisfamilydoctorwithher.

Question 43

Theodoremightbeshowingsignsofamentalhealthproblembecause

A. notpayingbillsindicatesamentalhealthproblem.

B. bothinternalandexternalfactorsarecontributingtohisbehaviour.

C. internalfactorsratherthanexternalfactorsareinuencinghisbehaviour.

D. hisbehaviourisuncharacteristicandhashadanegativeimpactonhiswellbeing.

Question 44

TotrytoimproveTheodore’sresilience,thedoctordecidedtofocusonbiological,psychologicalandsocialfactors.

Whichofthefollowingisacombinationofthemostlikelystrategiesthedoctorwouldinitiallyencourageoruse?

Biological Psychological Social

prescribingmedication challengingTheodore’snegative

thoughtpatterns

remindingTheodoreabouthis

supportivefamily

gettingTheodore’sfriendsto

bringhimmeals

gettingTheodoretojointhe

seniors’club

gettingTheodoretostartan

exerciseprogram

organisinggenetictesting gettingTheodoretomakelistsof

thethingsheneedstodo

takingTheodoretoanutritionist

organisingnutritiousmeals challengingTheodore’snegative

thinkingaboutthefuture

gettingTheodore’sfriendstovisit

himregularly

Question 45

Theodore’sunemploymentwasmakinghimfeelstressed.Heappliedforjobsadvertisedinthenewspaper,butthis

didnotresultinemployment.Hewenttoseeacareerscounsellor,whosuggestedsomefurtherstrategiesfornding

newemployment.

WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsappliestothecopingstrategyusedbyTheodorewhenhesawacareers

counsellor?

A. Itisanapproachstrategythatdoesnotdemonstratecopingexibility.

B. Ithascontext-speciceffectivenessanddemonstratescopingexibility.

C. Ithascontext-speciceffectivenessandwillhelphimavoidstressfulsituations.

D. Giventhedifcultyolderpeoplehavendingajob,itdemonstratescopinginexibility.

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Use the following information to answer Questions 46–48.

TuanmigratedtoAustraliatoundertakeauniversitydegreeandlivedinasharehousewithotherstudents.He

managedhismoneyaccordingtomethodsusedinhisbirthplace,buthefounditdifculttopayhisbillsontime.

WhenhishousemateaskedforTuan’srentmoney,Tuan’sheartfeltlikeitwaspounding.Wheneverhesawhis

housemateafterwards,Tuanwouldexperiencethesamephysiologicalsensation.Whenhestartedworking,Tuan

foundheexperiencedanupsetstomachandapoundingheartifsomeoneatworksuggestedadifferentapproachto

his.Heevenstartedtoexperiencethesesymptomswhenhewasinnewsocialsituationswithfriends.Itwasnotlong

untilhebegantolieawakeatnightthinkingaboutallofthethingsthatwerelikelytogowrongthenextday.

Whilediscussinghissymptomswithhisdoctor,thedoctorsuggestedTuanhadamentalhealthproblem.

Question 46

WhichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthetypeofstressTuanwasexperiencingwithhishousemateandat

work?

With his housemate At work

acculturativestress dailypressures

chronicstress distress

dailypressures acculturativestress

distress majorstress

Question 47

Tuan’sdoctordiagnosedhimwithanxiety.

Thedoctorwaslikelytoarriveatthisconclusionbecause

A. Tuanisfearfulwhentheoutcomeisnotpredictable.

B. Tuan’sstressisongoingandconsistentwithhisnormalbehaviour.

C. Tuan’ssymptomsrevealthatheishighlyarousedandfeelshecannotcope.

D. externalfactors,suchasTuan’shousemateandhisworkcolleagues,havecontributedtohissymptoms.

Question 48

Tuan’smemoryofaconversationwithhishousemateaboutmanagingmoneyisaveryvividmemoryforhim.

Aphysiologicalexplanationforthisis

A. thepresenceofhishousematewasaccompaniedbystrongemotions.

B. thehippocampusreleasednoradrenalineintheconsolidationofthisevent.

C. hisheartwaspounding,thusincreasingthevividnessofhismemoryofthisevent.

D. theamygdalawasactivatedbyadrenalineintheprocessingofhismemoryofthisevent.

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Question 49

Whichofthefollowingcorrectlydescribescognitivebehaviourtherapyandsystematicdesensitisation?

Cognitive behaviour therapy Systematic desensitisation

requiresthedevelopmentofahierarchy requiresthedevelopmentofahierarchy

involvestheuseofclassicalconditioning doesnotinvolvetheuseofclassicalconditioning

focusesonchallengingnegativethoughtpatterns doesnotfocusonchallengingnegativethought

patterns

isnotlikelytoinvolvebreathingretraining isnotlikelytoinvolvebreathingretraining

Question 50

Oneofthestrengthsofusingsecondarydatafromtheinternetforpsychologicalresearchisthatsecondarysources

will

 havesatisedethicalguidelines.

B. havealreadybeenpublishedandsothedataislikelytobereliableandvalid.

C. providelargereservesofdataandberepresentativeofthegeneralpopulation.

D. provideaccesstovolumesofdatathattheresearchermaynotbeabletogather.

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SECTION B – continued

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Question 1 (4marks)

Outlinetwodierencesbetweenthesympatheticnervoussystemresponseandthespinalreex.

Dierence1

Dierence2

SECTION B

Instructions for Section B

Answerall questionsinthespacesprovided.

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SECTION B – Question 2–continued

Question 2 (15marks)

ForhisPsychologypracticalinvestigation,Peterdecidedtoexaminewhetherinformationaboutthepositive

effectsofstresscouldaffectstresslevelsduringpublicspeaking.Hisparticipantswere20newlyappointed

volunteerleadersatalocalorganisation.Peterrandomlyassignedparticipantstooneoftwogroups.

Participantsintheexperimentalgroupweretoldtheywouldberecordedgivingave-minutespeechone

weeklaterandwereshownabriefpresentationoutlininghowstresscanimproveperformance.Theywere

toldnottodiscussthispresentationwithparticipantsintheothergroup.

Participantsinthecontrolgroupwereonlytoldtheywouldbegivingave-minutespeechoneweeklater

andthattheirspeechwouldberecorded.

Theheartrateofparticipantsinbothgroupswasmeasuredpriortothembeingtoldabouttheve-minute

speech,inordertoprovideabaseline,andoneweeklater,immediatelyaftergivingtheve-minutespeech.

Meansforthetwomeasurementsforeachgroupwerecalculated.Theresultsareshowninthegraphbelow.

before being told about speech immediately after speech

Group 2 – Control group

Group 1 – Experimental group

160

140

120

100

heart

rate

(BPM)

Mean baseline heart rate compared to mean post-speech heart rate

a. WriteapossibleresearchhypothesisforPeter’sexperiment.

3marks

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SECTION B – Question 2–continued

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b. Intermsofthenervoussystem,whywouldheartratebeusedasameasureinthisexperiment?

3marks

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SECTION B – Question 2–continued

c. UsingLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping,identifythemostlikely

secondaryappraisalmadebyparticipantsintheexperimentalgroupandbyparticipantsinthecontrol

group.Justifyyourresponsewithreferencetothegraphonpage20andtheindependentvariable.

6marks

• Group1–Experimentalgroup

Secondaryappraisal

Justication

• Group2–Controlgroup

Secondaryappraisal

Justication

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SECTION B – continued

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d. Attheconclusionofhispracticalinvestigation,Peterrealisesthat,entirelybychance,seven

participantsallocatedtotheexperimentalgroupweremembersoftheregion’shigh-performing

basketballteamwhereasthecontrolgroupcontainedonlyoneparticipantwhowasanathlete.

 Explaintheproblemcreatedbythisunevenallocationofathletesbetweengroups,identifyingthetype

ofvariableinvolved.

3marks

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SECTION B – Question 3 – continued

Question 3 (12 marks)

When Raafe learnt to type when he was a child, he used only the index nger on each hand to develop his

skills. As an adult, Raafe applied for a job as an administrative assistant and needed to learn a technique

called touch-typing, which uses all ngers on both hands. His touch-typing skills would be tested as part of

the job selection process.

a. Explain how long-term depression was involved when Raafe learnt the new touch-typing technique.

3 marks

b. With reference to the lock-and-key process, explain the role of glutamate in learning touch-typing.

4 marks

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c. Raafewasoftenhungrywhenhewaspractisingforthetouch-typingtestbecauseheusuallypractised

justbeforehiseveningmeal.Oncehehadmasteredtouch-typing,Raafefoundthathecouldtypemore

quicklyandaccuratelywhenhewashungry.

 ExplainwhyRaafe’stouch-typingimprovedwhenhewashungry.

3marks

d. Inwhichtypeoflong-termmemoryistheskilloftypingencodedandhowmightRaafe’sbehaviour

demonstratethattheskilloftypingisencodedinthistypeofmemory?

2marks

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SECTION B – continued

Question 4 (7 marks)

Advertisers often use learning principles when promoting products. An advertisement for a new soft

drink features people having a good time while consuming the product. This is intended to make potential

customers experience positive emotions when thinking about the soft drink.

a. What type of conditioning is used to generate positive emotions towards the new soft drink? Give two

reasons to justify your response.

3 marks

Type of conditioning

Reason 1

Reason 2

b. The next advertising campaign for the soft drink used a celebrity rather than an unknown person.

Identify two different processes involved in observational learning that demonstrate the advantage of

using a celebrity to advertise the soft drink. Justify your response for each process.

4 marks

Process 1

Justication

Process 2

Justication

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SECTION B – Question 5–continued

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Question 5 (14marks)

Predicting the body clock of shiftworkers

AustralianresearchersledbyDoctorJuliaStonefromMonashUniversityhavedevelopedamodel

thatmakespredictionsaboutaperson’sbodyclockbasedonnon-invasivemeasurements.Theusual

procedurefortrackingthebodyclockistakingbloodteststhatmeasuremelatonin.Intheresearch,

inadditiontomeasuringmelatoninlevels,doctorsandnursesworeawristbandthatmeasuredtheir

physicalactivityandtheamountoflighttheywereexposedtooverarangeofdayandnightshiftsas

wellasontheirdaysoff.Theresearchdemonstratedthatthemodelprovidesanaccuratepredictionofa

person’sbodyclockshift,veriedbythemelatoninlevelsrecorded.

Thisresearchcouldresultinthedevelopmentofadevicethatcouldprovideshiftworkerswith

informationabouttheirbodyclockandthushelpthemmanagethealignmentofthebodyclockandthe

workschedule.Giventhattheimpactofshiftworkcanbemuchhardertomanagethantheimpactof

jetlag,thisiswelcomenews.

References:JEStoneetal.,‘Applicationofalimit-cycleoscillatormodelforpredictionofcircadianphase

inrotatingnightshiftworkers’,Scientic Reports,9:11032,30July2019,

<https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47290-6>;JElder,‘Keepingshiftworkersalertonthejob:

Newstudyndshowtopredictaperson’sbodyclock’,The New Daily,2August2019,

<https://thenewdaily.com.au/life/wellbeing/2019/08/02/body-clock-shift-workers/>

a. Thearticleusestheterm‘bodyclock’.

 Usingappropriatepsychologicalterminology,explainwhattheauthorsmeanwhentheyrefertothe

term‘bodyclock’.

2marks

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SECTION B – Question 5–continued

b. Whyarelevelsofmelatoninmeasuredinthisresearch?

3marks

c. Usingexamples,identifyhowtheaectiveandbehaviouralfunctioningofdoctorsand/ornursesina

hospitalsettingmaybeimpactedbypartialsleepdeprivation.

4marks

Aectivefunctioning

Behaviouralfunctioning

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SECTION B – continued

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d. Explainhowthedevicementionedinthearticleonpage27couldbeusedwithbrightlighttherapyto

helpdoctorsandnursesadjusttoshiftworkinahospitalsetting.

3marks

e. Whyisitoftenmuchhardertorealignthesleep-wakecycleinindividualsdoingshiftworkthanin

individualsexperiencingjetlag?

2marks

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SECTION B – Question 6–continued

Question 6 (8marks)

Whensheturnedfour,Maxinereceivedamedium-sizedredboxoutofwhichpoppedaclowngure

makingaloudnoise.Whentheboxopened,Maxineranawayfromit,towardsherparents,screamingin

fear.Herparentscomfortedherbyplayingwithher.Asateenager,Maxinestillrunsawaywhenevershe

seesasimilarboxandherparentscontinuetocomforther.Maxine’sparentshavedecidedtoconsulta

psychologistwithMaxinetotrytomanageherphobia.

a. Intermsofoperantconditioning,outlinehowMaxine’sparents’responsecouldbeconsideredtobe

perpetuatingherphobiaofredboxes.

3marks

b. ThepsychologistdiscussedwithMaxineandherparentstheoptionofusingabenzodiazepineagent

tomanageMaxine’sphobia.

 HowcouldabenzodiazepineagenthelpmanageMaxine’sphobia?

3marks

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c. ThepsychologistalsoindicatedthatmemorybiasmaybecontributingtoMaxine’sphobia.

 ExplainhowmemorybiascouldbeacontributingfactorinMaxine’sphobia.

2marks

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SECTION B – Question 7 – continued

Question 7 (10 marks)

Researchers at a university are planning to examine the impact of protective factors designed to increase resilience.

A sample of 100 participants will be randomly selected from people who respond to an advertisement placed in

national newspapers and on social media. All participants will complete a self-report resilience scale three times:

at the beginning of the study, immediately after the experimental conditions end, and six months later.

Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three conditions for six months:

• a condition in which participants will receive fortnightly coaching about diet and sleep behaviours

• a condition in which participants will be counselled fortnightly in the use of cognitive behavioural strategies

• a ‘no treatment’ condition

Using appropriate psychological terminology, evaluate the proposed design for this study. Your evaluation should

consider the method and procedures of the investigation, and at least one effect of these on the analysis and/or

interpretation of results and possible conclusions that may be drawn.

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SECTION B – Question 7–continued

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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

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CONTINUES OVER PAGE

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Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.

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